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Innova Engineering Manual

The full Innova Engineering manual.

System Requirements

Intel i5 processor or equivalent.
4 GB of RAM.
500MB of hard disk space.
Microsoft Windows 64-bit (x64) version 10 or better.
Microsoft Excel 2007 or later.
Windows XP, Windows 7.0 and Mac OS are NOT supported.
Recommended screen resolution: 1920 x 1080.

End User License Agreement

IMPORTANT NOTICE: PLEASE READ CAREFULLY BEFORE INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE: This licence agreement (Licence) is a legal agreement between you (Licensee or you) and Innova Drilling and Intervention Limited of Union Plaza (6th Floor), 1 Union Wynd, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB10 1DQ (Licensor, we or us) for the software (being either one or both Well Seeker Pro or Innova Engineering) (Software) which you have selected to either trial or purchase , which includes computer software, the data supplied with it, the associated media, and electronic documentation comprising the Installation Guide, the details of the Software available from the Licensor’s website and the PDF user manual provided with the download of the Software (Documentation).

THIS SOFTWARE REQUIRES (1) A COMPUTER WITH A MINIMUM OF 2Gb RAM AND 500MB HARD DRIVE, (2) MICROSOFT WINDOWS 7, 8 OR 10 OPERATING SYSTEM AND (3) MICROSOFT EXCEL.

BY CLICKING ON THE "AGREE" BUTTON BELOW YOU AGREE TO THE TERMS OF THIS LICENCE WHICH WILL BIND YOU AND YOUR EMPLOYEES. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THE TERMS OF THIS LICENCE, WE ARE UNWILLING TO LICENSE THE SOFTWARE TO YOU AND YOU MUST DISCONTINUE INSTALLATION OF THE SOFTWARE NOW BY CLICKING ON THE "I DO NOT AGREE" BUTTON BELOW. IN THIS CASE YOU MUST RETURN THE MEDIUM ON WHICH THE SOFTWARE IS STORED AND ALL ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTATION TO US WITHIN 30 DAYS OF PURCHASE. IF YOU DO THIS YOUR LICENCE FEE WILL BE REFUNDED.

1. GRANT AND SCOPE OF LICENCE

1.1 In consideration of payment of an annual licence fee (except where the Software is downloaded on a trial basis), the Licensor hereby grants to you a non-exclusive, non-transferable licence to use the Software and the Documentation on the terms of this Licence. If you do not renew your licence fee in one year, your licence will come to an end one year from the date of download of the Software and your licence to use the Software will automatically come to an end. If you have selected the option to trial the Software, your licence to trial the Software is subject to the terms of this Licence and your licence to use the Software will come to an end thirty days from the date of download of the Software. You may only use the Software under a trial period once.

1.2 You may:

(a) install and use the Software for your internal business purposes only on one CPU;

(b) transfer the Software from one computer to another provided it is used on only one computer at any one time;

(c) receive and use any free supplementary critical software code or update of the Software incorporating "patches" and corrections of critical errors as may be provided by the Licensor from time to time; and

(d) use any Documentation in support of the use permitted under condition 1.1 as is reasonably necessary for its lawful use.

2. LICENSEE'S UNDERTAKINGS

2.1 Except as expressly set out in this Licence or as permitted by any local law, you undertake:

(a) not to copy the Software or Documentation except where such copying is incidental to normal use of the Software or where it is necessary for the purpose of back-up or operational security;

(b) not to rent, lease, sub-license, loan, translate, merge, adapt, vary or modify the Software or Documentation;

(c) not to make alterations to, or modifications of, the whole or any part of the Software nor permit the Software or any part of it to be combined with, or become incorporated in, any other programs;

(d) not to disassemble, de-compile, reverse engineer or create derivative works based on the whole or any part of the Software nor attempt to do any such things except to the extent that (by virtue of section 296A of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988) such actions cannot be prohibited because they are essential for the purpose of achieving inter-operability of the Software with another software program, and provided that the information obtained by you during such activities:

(i) is used only for the purpose of achieving inter-operability of the Software with another software program;

(ii) is not disclosed or communicated without the Licensor's prior written consent to any third party to whom it is not necessary to disclose or communicate it; and

(iii) is not used to create any software which is substantially similar to the Software;

(e) to keep all copies of the Software secure and to maintain accurate and up-to-date records of the number and locations of all copies of the Software;

(f) to supervise and control use of the Software and ensure that the Software is used by your employees and representatives in accordance with the terms of this Licence;

(g) to include the copyright notice of the Licensor on all entire and partial copies of the Software in any form;

(h) not to provide, or otherwise make available, the Software in any form, in whole or in part (including, but not limited to, program listings, object and source program listings, object code and source code) to any person other than your employees without prior written consent from the Licensor;

(i) not to use the Software via any communications network or by means of remote access.

2.2 You must permit the Licensor and his representatives, at all reasonable times and on reasonable advance notice, to inspect and have access to any premises, and to the computer equipment located there, at which the Software or the Documentation is being kept or used, and any records kept pursuant to this Licence, for the purpose of ensuring that you are complying with the terms of this Licence.

2.3 You confirm and warrant that you will not use or permit the use of the Software (whether through permission or act of omission) in any way which would breach (directly or indirectly) EU restrictive measures, including but not limited to financial and economic sanctions or the same as implemented by European Union member states.

2.4 You shall indemnify us against any losses, liabilities, penalties, damages, costs, claims and expenses (including but not limited to legal fees and investigation expenses) incurred by, or awarded against, us as a result of any breach of the warranties set out in condition 2.3 by you or your associated persons, any person working for you or any third party retained by you.

3. SUPPORT

The Licensor's technical support staff will endeavour to answer by email and / or telephone, any queries which you may have regarding the use or application of the Software. For email support please contact support@innova-drilling.com, and for telephone support please call +44 (0)7711 411079 between the hours of 09:00 and 17:00 Monday – Friday.

4. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

4.1 You acknowledge that all intellectual property rights in the Software and the Documentation throughout the world belong to the Licensor, that rights in the Software are licensed (not sold) to you, and that you have no rights in, or to, the Software or the Documentation other than the right to use them in accordance with the terms of this Licence.

4.2 You acknowledge that you have no right to have access to the Software in source code form or in unlocked coding or with comments.

5. WARRANTY

5.1 The Licensor warrants that:

(a) the medium on which the Software is stored and distributed is (at the time it is supplied), and will be for the period of 90 days after that time (Warranty Period), free from defects in design, material and workmanship under normal use. If a defect in the medium occurs during the Warranty Period, the Licensor will replace it free of charge if you return it to the Licensor with proof of purchase and (so far as you are able) a documented example of such defect or error;

(b) always subject to condition 5.2 and 5.3, during the Warranty Period, the Software will, when properly used, perform substantially in accordance with the functions described in the Documentation (provided that the Software is properly used on the computer and with the operating system for which it was designed as referred to in the accompanying documentation), and the Documentation correctly describes the operation of the Software in all material respects; and

(c) it has tested the Software for viruses using commercially available virus-checking software, consistent with current industry practice.

5.2 YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THE SOFTWARE HAS NOT BEEN DEVELOPED TO MEET YOUR INDIVIDUAL REQUIREMENTS AND THAT IT IS THEREFORE YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO ENSURE THAT THE FACILITIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE AS DESCRIBED IN THE DOCUMENTATION MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS.

5.3 YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THE SOFTWARE MAY NOT BE FREE OF BUGS OR ERRORS AND YOU AGREE THAT THE EXISTENCE OF ERRORS SHALL NOT CONSTITUTE A BREACH OF THIS LICENCE. WE DO NOT WARRANT THAT THE CONTENT OF THE SOFTWARE IS ACCURATE, CURRENT OR ERROR-FREE AND WE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION AS TO THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENT OF THE SOFTWARE AND DUE TO THE NATURE OF THE SOFTWARE, YOU AGREE AND ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU WILL VERIFY ANY RESULTS OBTAINIED FROM YOUR USE OF THE SOFTWARE.

5.4 If, within the Warranty Period, you notify the Licensor in writing of any defect or fault in the Software in consequence of which it fails to perform substantially in accordance with the Documentation, and such defect or fault does not result from you having amended the Software or used it in contravention of the terms of this Licence, the Licensor will, at its sole option, repair or replace the Software, provided that you make available all information that may be necessary to assist the Licensor in resolving the defect or fault, including sufficient information to enable the Licensor to recreate the defect or fault.

6. LICENSOR'S LIABILITY

6.1 This condition sets out the entire liability of the parties (including any liability for the acts or omissions of their respective employees, agents and subcontractors) to each other in respect of:

(a) any breach of this Licence however arising;

(b) any use made or resale of the Software or the Documentation by you, or of any product or service incorporating any of the Software or the Documentation; and

(c) any representation, statement or tortious act or omission (including negligence) arising under or in connection with this Licence.

This condition is always subject to the warranties set out at condition 5 above.

6.2 Nothing in this Licence shall limit or exclude the liability of either party for:

(a) death or personal injury resulting from negligence; or

(b) fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation; or

(d) breach of section 2 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987; or

(e) the deliberate default or wilful misconduct of that party, its employees, agents or subcontractors.

6.3 Without prejudice to conditions 2.4 and 6.2, neither party shall under any circumstances whatever be liable to the other, whether in contract, delict (including negligence) or restitution, or for breach of statutory duty or misrepresentation, or otherwise, for any:

(a) loss of income;

(b) loss of business profits or contracts;

(d) loss of the use of money or anticipated savings;

(e) loss of information;

(f) loss of opportunity, goodwill or reputation;

(g) loss or deferral of production;

(h) loss of product;

(i) loss of, damage to or corruption of data; or

(j) any indirect or consequential loss or damage of any kind howsoever arising and whether caused by tort (including negligence), breach of contract or otherwise;

provided that this condition 6.3 shall not prevent claims for loss of or damage to your tangible property that fall within the terms of condition 5 or any other claims for direct financial loss that are not excluded by any of categories (a) to (j) inclusive of this condition 6.3.

6.4 Subject to condition 6.2 and condition 6.3, the Licensor's maximum aggregate liability under or in connection with this Licence, whether in contract, delict (including negligence) or otherwise, shall in all circumstances be limited to the annual licence fee paid.

6.5 Subject to condition 6.2 and condition 6.3, the Licensor's liability for infringement of third party intellectual property rights shall be limited to breaches of rights subsisting in the UK.

6.6 This Licence sets out the full extent of the Licensor's obligations and liabilities in respect of the supply of the Software and Documentation. In particular, there are no conditions, warranties, representations or other terms, express or implied, that are binding on the Licensor except as specifically stated in this Licence. Any condition, warranty, representation or other term concerning the supply of the Software and Documentation which might otherwise be implied into, or incorporated in, this Licence, or any collateral contract, whether by statute, common law or otherwise, is hereby excluded to the fullest extent permitted by law.

7. TERMINATION

7.1 The Licensor may terminate this Licence immediately by written notice to you if:

(a) you fail to pay the any Licence fees due;

(b) you commit a material or persistent breach of this Licence which you fail to remedy (if remediable) within 14 days after the service on you of written notice requiring you to do so; or

(d) the Licensee (where it is a company) becomes insolvent or unable to pay its debts (within the meaning of section 123 of the Insolvency Act 1986), enters into liquidation, whether voluntary or compulsory (other than for reasons of bona fide amalgamation or reconstruction), passes a resolution for its winding-up, has a receiver or administrator manager, trustee, liquidator or similar officer appointed over the whole or any part of its assets, makes any composition or arrangement with its creditors or takes or suffers any similar action in consequence of its debt.

7.2 Upon termination for any reason:

(a) all rights granted to you under this Licence shall cease;

(b) you must cease all activities authorised by this Licence;

(d) you must immediately delete or remove the Software from all computer equipment in your possession and immediately destroy or return to the Licensor (at the Licensor's option) all copies of the Software then in your possession, custody or control and, in the case of destruction, certify to the Licensor that you have done so.

8. TRANSFER OF RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS

8.1 This Licence is binding on you and us and on our respective successors and assigns.

8.2 You may not transfer, assign, charge or otherwise dispose of this Licence, or any of your rights or obligations arising under it, without our prior written consent.

8.3 The Licensor may transfer, assign, charge, sub-contract or otherwise dispose of this Licence, or any of his rights or obligations arising under it, at any time during the term of the Licence.

9. NOTICES

All notices given by you to the Licensor must be given to Innova Drilling and Intervention Ltd at Union Plaza (6th Floor), 1 Union Wynd, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB10 1DQ. The Licensor may give notice to you at either the e-mail or postal address you provided to it when purchasing the Software. Notice will be deemed received and properly served 24 hours after an e-mail is sent, or three days after the date of posting of any letter. In proving the service of any notice, it will be sufficient to prove, in the case of a letter, that such letter was properly addressed, stamped and placed in the post and, in the case of an e-mail, that such e-mail was sent to the specified e-mail address of the addressee.

10. EVENTS OUTSIDE THE LICENSOR'S CONTROL

10.1 The Licensor will not be liable or responsible for any failure to perform, or delay in performance of, any of his obligations under this Licence that is caused by an event outside his reasonable control (Force Majeure Event).

10.2 A Force Majeure Event includes any act, event, non-happening, omission or accident beyond our reasonable control and includes in particular (without limitation) the following:

(a) strikes, lock-outs or other industrial action;

(b) civil commotion, riot, invasion, terrorist attack or threat of terrorist attack, war (whether declared or not) or threat or preparation for war;

(d) impossibility of the use of railways, shipping, aircraft, motor transport or other means of public or private transport;

(e) impossibility of the use of public or private telecommunications networks;

(f) the acts, decrees, legislation, regulations or restrictions of any government.

10.3 The Licensor's performance under this Licence is deemed to be suspended for the period that the Force Majeure Event continues, and he will have an extension of time for performance for the duration of that period. We will use our reasonable endeavours to bring the Force Majeure Event to a close or to find a solution by which our obligations under this Licence may be performed despite the Force Majeure Event.

11. WAIVER

11.1 If the Licensor fails, at any time during the term of this Licence, to insist on strict performance of any of your obligations under this Licence, or if the Licensor fails to exercise any of the rights or remedies to which he is entitled under this Licence, this shall not constitute a waiver of such rights or remedies and shall not relieve you from compliance with such obligations.

11.2 A waiver by the Licensor of any default shall not constitute a waiver of any subsequent default.

11.3 No waiver by the Licensor of any of these terms and conditions shall be effective unless it is expressly stated to be a waiver and is communicated to you in writing.

12. SEVERABILITY

If any of the terms of this Licence are determined by any competent authority to be invalid, unlawful or unenforceable to any extent, such term, condition or provision will to that extent be severed from the remaining terms, conditions and provisions which will continue to be valid to the fullest extent permitted by law.

13. ENTIRE AGREEMENT

13.1 This Licence and any document expressly referred to in it constitute the whole agreement between us and supersedes any previous arrangement, understanding or agreement between us, relating to the licensing of the Software and Documentation.

13.2 We each acknowledge that, in entering into this Licence (and the documents referred to in it), neither of us relies on any statement, representation, assurance or warranty (Representation) of any person (whether a party to this Licence or not) other than as expressly set out in this Licence or those documents.

13.3 Each of us agrees that the only rights and remedies available to us arising out of or in connection with a Representation shall be for breach of contract as provided in this Licence.

13.4 Nothing in this clause shall limit or exclude any liability for fraud.

14. LAW AND JURISDICTION

This Licence, its subject matter or its formation (including non-contractual disputes or claims) shall be governed by and construed in accordance with Scots law and submitted to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the Scottish courts.

1.0 - Software Overview

Innova Engineering is a complete well engineering software solution combining the power of multiple packages into one application. Incorporating Hydraulics, Torque & Drag, BHA Analysis, Casing Centraliser Placement and standoff, Jar Placement, Cementing Design, Casing Design, Survey Correction (SAG / Short Collar / Multi-Station Analysis) & Q.C. & BHA Magnetic Interference Calculator, Innova Engineering provides a comprehensive engineering package to plan and drill your well successfully.

Innova Engineering was developed by engineers for engineers to provide the premier engineering software package for the oil and gas industry. With exceptional functionality and an intuitive yet powerful interface, Innova Engineering delivers an innovative and integrated solution for Operators and Service Providers alike.

Main features

Simple to use interface, in a standalone package
Extremely fast calculations; results for complex BHAs at multiple flow rates / friction factors are calculated in seconds
Copy and paste data from Well Seeker, Excel, Notepad or any other file type directly into Innova Engineering
Easy to interpret graphical and numeric outputs available for all calculation modules
Create professional, user customized reports in both PDF and Excel formats for all outputs
Detailed Summary Reports for each module
Fully customisable charts complete with screen reader to allow quick interpretation of generated data
Overlay data collected from the wellsite against the modelled outputs for quick and easy comparison
Supports modelling of complex drilling assemblies with multiple hole opener / under reamer combinations as well as casing / liner runs
Complete support for complex 3D directional wells
Import / Export BHA assemblies
Editable Fluids Library & Components Catalogue

Torque and Drag Module

Latest soft string model with stiffness correction factor
Model Viscous Drag, additional side force due to buckling & Contact Surface Correction
Conservative (Unloading) & Standard (Loading) Helical Buckling Models
Calculate T&D for multiple rig operations simultaneously Tripping In / Out, Rotating On / Off Bottom, Sliding and Reaming
Ability to model for both pumps on and pumps off and account for string differential pressure
Calculate Sinusoidal and Helical buckling limits
Full support for casing, liner, tubing & drilling assemblies
Full support for complex 3D directional wells
Friction factor sensitivity analysis for unlimited number of friction factors, or single calculation
Models casing flotation / drill string fill
Friction reduction devices (Non-rotating drill pipe protectors) can be modelled
Calculates expected pipe stretch and torque induced pipe twist
Elemental (snapshot) view available for all calculations
Calculate side forces & casing wear for all operations
Drill string fatigue prediction
Real time data can be modelled & displayed alongside the calculated data in order to back calculate real time friction factor
Actual and apparent WOB and overpull calculations, visualize how much overpull / WOB is experienced at the bit for a given value seen at surface. Useful for determine trip / overpull margins and for setting packers & liner hangers
Casing Standoff & Centralizer Spacing Calculation. Use to optimise standoff and achieve proper zonal isolation
Ability to model expandable liners including max pull, pull at cone, expected expansion hookload as well as outer & inner string running loads
Ability to model different materials such as Aluminium as well as steel
Model the effect of casing centralisers / stabilisers
Ability to model Air Drilling
Option to select the fluid level in the wellbore

Hydraulics Module

Support for multiple hydraulic models:
- Bingham Plastic
- Power Law
- Herschel Bulkley
- Robertson Stiff
Calculated Outputs:
- Standpipe Pressures
- ECD: cuttings loaded and clean hole
- Surge and Swab
Complete set of hole cleaning outputs:
- Annular Velocity Profile
- Cuttings Carrying Index (CCI)
- Cuttings %
- Minimum Flowrate required for good hole cleaning (sensitivity analysis for ROP)
Options for single calculation or sensitivity analysis for unlimited number of flowrates and tripping speeds simultaneously
Full support for riser-less / dual gradient drilling
Split flow modelling for complex BHAs with multiple hole openers / under reamers / circulating subs
Incorporate data gathered at the well site into the hydraulics model and overlay the real-world data and the theoretical hydraulics model
Enter multiple pore pressures & fracture gradients and plot against modelled data
Surge and swab calculations can be calculated for any reference:
- Bit
- Casing Shoe
- Bottom Hole
- Any User Defined depth
Surge and swab model can also include the effects of pipe acceleration, gel strength, coil tubing operations such as continuous tripping and continuous circulation
Model the effect of stabilisers and casing centralisers
Quick bit hydraulics calculator, determine bit pressure losses and impact force without having to setup a complete project
Pump Pressure Safety Factor: Option to allow the user to increase the SPP by a specified percentage

Survey Correction Module

Correct raw MWD surveys for Z axis magnetic interference with latest short collar correction (SCC) algorithm
QC raw MWD surveys for G total, B total and Dip with user definable limits
Multi Station Analysis (MSA) can be used to calculate an optimal bias and scale factor for XYZ magnetometers
Option to include inclination weighting on least squares fit (LSQ) calculation
Optimise the non-mag spacing requirements and determine the best survey correction method for a given well trajectory / BHA
Full support for the following Survey Calculation Methods:
- Minimum Curvature
- Radius of Curvature
- Tangential
- Balanced Tangential
Supports survey interpolation for both MD and TVD, results can be exported to text or Excel
Produce fully customisable plots for both section and plan views and overlay well plan and actual surveys on one chart
QC raw MWD surveys for G total, B total and magnetic dip with user definable limits

SAG Correction & BHA Analysis

Survey SAG correction algorithm, to correct survey inclinations for BHA deflections
Can model bent motors and rotary steerable systems
Rotary BHA modelling to aid in build / walk rate predictions (equilibrium rate)
Predicted build / walk Rate for Sliding based on motor bend, hole size and Bit Formation Index
Predicated build / walk rates for both push and point the bit rotary steerable systems
Take in to account bit aggressiveness and bit type (PDC, rollercone)
Vibration analysis calculates Critical RPM

Magnetic Interference Calculator Module

BHA magnetic Interference Calculator Module
Well path magnetic interference analysis; calculate the expected error in azimuth for a given amount of non-mag spacing. Fully supports intermediate steel above and below the MWD sensor or both
Calculate non-magnetic spacing requirements and azimuth error for any well trajectory and BHA configuration

Casing Standoff & Centralizer Spacing Module

Model rigid and bow spring centralizers
Automatically optimize centralizer placement based on a desired standoff value
Calculate deflection at centralisers and mid joint
Ability to model bow spring running and restoring forces
Model the additional side force created by the compression of bow spring centralizers
One click standoff summary report, including tabulated results accompanied by standoff, side forces and hookload charts.

Jar Placement Module

Calculates neutral point road map which shows WOB to avoid at every depth along the well path
Calculates pump open force
Model the impact / impulse of all types of jars, accelerators & intensifiers
Optimize the hammer length / jar type to maximize impulse / impact
Calculates weight above and below jar when vertical in air and mud
Calculates weight above and below jar at bottom hole location in air and mud

Cementing Design

Cementing Schematic Animation gives a visual representation of the well geometry, string and fluids at any given stage in the cement job
Calculate annular pressure, equivalent circulating density and pump pressure during cementing operations
User definable Pumping Schedule
Ability to model calculations with inner string
Select from Bingham, Power Law, Herschel Bulkley or Robertson Stiff Hydraulics Models
Calculate capacities and displacements
Calculate Top Down, Bottoms up and Full Circulation times.

Casing Design

Accurately determine casing setting depths, using Bottoms Up or Top Down analysis, allowing the user to determine viable casing and wellbore schemes
Enables quick, systematic, and accurate valuation of casing wear limit
Automatically create the minimum cost design
Provides comprehensive tri-axial and working-stress design for burst, collapse, and axial installation
Provides service-life loads to maximize the use of the most cost-effective casing for each specific situation.

Well Control

Determine kick tolerance and perform sensitivity analysis to show how the kick tolerance changes throughout the section and the effect of mud weight changes
Calculate MASP, MAASP in order to determine surface pressure control equipment requirements
Quickly determine required kill mud weight and pumping schedule to kill the well

2.0 - Getting Started

2.1 – Program Installation

Innova Engineering is downloaded from the Innova Drilling & Intervention website in an unzipped format. However, if Innova Engineering is supplied via email it will be attached as a zipped installation file, which must be unzipped before use. Right click on the file and select “Extract All….” From the context menu.

Select a location which you wish to extract the files to and click “Extract”. The installation files will be extracted to the selected location in a folder called “Innova Engineering”

Once the Installation file has been extracted, open the Innova Engineering folder and double click on the “Innova Engineering vx.x.x.msi” file to begin the installation process. Click on the “Next” button to begin the installation process.

The next dialog will present the license agreement. Read the license agreement, click the “I accept the terms in the license agreement” radio button and then click on the “Next” button.

The next screen will allow you to select the location in which you wish to install Innova Engineering. The default location is “C:\Program Files (x86)\Innova Drilling and Intervention\Innova Engineering”. If you wish to change the location the program is installed to click on the change button.

The final page will show the installation options selected, click “Install” to install the software with the displayed settings.

At this point, you may be asked “Do you want to allow this app to make changes to your device?”. Click “Yes” to continue the installation. The final window will display “InstallShield Wizard Completed”. Click “Finish” to complete the installation process.

Once the installation is complete an icon will have been added to the desktop and an entry for “Innova Drilling & Intervention” will be in the start menu.

3.0 – Main User interface

When Innova engineering is first opened the main user interface will be presented which consists of four main parts.

Main Menu
Main Tool bar
Project name & Description
Tabbed data entry pages

These will be discussed in detail throughout the manual.

4.0 - Menus

Many of the Innova Engineering functions are accessed from the main menu; the functions common to all modules will be covered in this section. The details on other menu options will be covered in the relevant manual section.

New: Create a new blank engineering project. This can also be accessed by pressing Ctrl + N

Open: Open an existing engineering project. This can also be accessed by pressing Ctrl + O

Save: Save current project. Projects are saved as a .Ieng file. This can also be accessed by pressing Ctrl + S

Save As: Save existing project under a new name

4.2.1 - Print Reports

Access the Generate Reports dialog

Once results have been generated by the various program modules, reports can be printed to PDF or excel from the report generator dialog. Two company logos can be included in the reports and the logos are selected via file menu -> select logo / select logo 2. The logo must be in a .bmp format and once selected will be displayed in the logo frame on the report generator. Please note that logo 2 will not be included in any excel reports.

The reporting options common to all report types are available from the Options frame. Select the report type, either PDF of Excel, from the combo box and select whether the header footer and cover page are to be included. The company logo is displayed in three elements and if none are selected the logo will not be displayed.

In addition, the PDF report colour scheme can be selected from the drop down colour menus Back and Inset. The Back colour is the predominant colour of the headings in the report and the Inset colour will appear behind section titles for better contrast if required. This selection will not affect any excel reports generated.

Five different report types are available from the tabs in the lower half of the dialog: Hydraulics, Torque & Drag, BHA Analysis & SAG, Non-Mag Spacing and Surveys. The tab selected when the print button is pressed will be the report that is generated. Select the various report specific options by checking and unchecking the text boxes. Note that graphs are not available in the Excel reports. The charts displayed in the PDF reports will print the last setting applied to the charts in the main program. If the charts have not been viewed, default settings will be used. Once all the report options have been selected click on the Print option from the file menu and save the report as either a PDF of Excel file. Once the report has been printed the Excel or PDF viewer will be launched and the report previewed. From here the report can be sent to any currently installed printer.

The user can create Pre-Defined Reports, based on common report selections. When in a relevant report tab, the user makes the desired selection for the report output. They can then insert a Report Name and select Add. This report will now be available from the drop-down menu. It is important to note that the pre-defined report will only save the selection in 1 tab. Additional reports are required for each tab, and different selections within individual tabs. Pre-defined reports can be updated and deleted using the Update and Delete buttons.

4.2.2 - Print BHA

Prints an excel report containing the BHA details as they are entered in the Drill String section of the main screen. Selecting this option Opens the Print BHA dialog, allowing the user to enter additional BHA data which is included in the report. The Fill Colour dropdown box changes the colour of table headings. The Print Inverted checkbox reverses the order that the BHA components are listed in the report. Selecting Print generates the report. Note, that these cells do not need to be populated to generate the BHA report.

4.2.3 - Import Survey

This option can only be selected if the Surveys tab has been selected from the main user interface. Once on the surveys tab, this option will become available and the surveys will be imported into the survey grid selected in the Survey Selection combo box.

Select a survey file from the dialog, and select its file type from the filter drop down menu. Supported file types are tab delimited text, comma delimited text, space delimited text, Excel 2003 files, Excel 2007 and Navigator SCC text files. The file type must be selected correctly, or the file will not open correctly. The survey file can contain column headers, but must contain the measured depths, inclinations and azimuths in separate columns.

If Raw Surveys are selected, the file must contain measured depth, HX, HY, HZ, GX, GY and GZ values in separate columns. The columns do not have to be in any order and the file can contain other data columns. Once selected the following dialog will be displayed.

A preview of the survey file will be displayed in the main grid with the row numbers down the left hand side of the lower grid. Select the start row and the end row of the surveys you wish to import and select which column is which from the combo boxes in the upper grid. If normal surveys are selected MD INC and AZI columns must be defined. If RAW surveys are selected MD, HX, HY, HZ, GX, GY and GZ columns must be defined. If the column is not to be imported, selected NA from the combo box.

Once happy with the selection click the import button and the surveys will be imported.

4.2.4 - Export BHA

Exports the BHA which the user has populated in the Drill String section of the Drill String, Well Geometry and Fluids tab on the main user interface. This option is only available when in this tab and creates a .bha file. It is worth noting that this .bha file can also be imported into Innova’s Well Seeker Pro Drill String Editor dialog.

4.2.5 - Import BHA

Imports any .bha file into the Drill String section of the Drill String, Well Geometry and Fluids tab on the main user interface. This option is only available when in this tab. Care should be taken as this option will overwrite any information populated in the Drill String section.

4.2.6 - Exit

Exit the application. This can also be accessed by pressing Ctrl + X

The Units menu controls the units for the entire project. The selected units will have a tick next to them. By default, Innova Engineering uses API units; however, these can be changed at any point.

Mud: Pounds per Gallon (PPG), Specific Gravity (SG), PSI per Cubic Foot (psi/ft3), Pounds per Cubic Foot (lbs/ft3), Kilograms per Cubic Meter (kg/m3) or Kilopascals per meter (kpa/m)
Length: Feet, Us Feet or Meters - Note the length units govern the lengths of components as well as the local units for surveys and global depth units
Flow: Gallons per min (GPM), Litres per min (LPM), Cubic meters per min (m3/m) or Standard Cubic Feet per Minute (SCFM). Note, when SCFM is selected, air drilling mode is activated.
Pressure: Pounds per Square Inch (PSI), BAR or Kilopascals (KPa)
Weight: Kilopounds (klbs), Metric tons or Kilo-decanewtons (kdaN)
Torque: Kilo-foot-pounds (Kftlbs) or Kilonewtonmeters (kNm)
Volume: Barrels (bbls) or Cubic meters (m^3)
Diameter: Either inches (in) or Millimeters (mm), this will affect all OD’s and ID’s
Temperature: Fahrenheit or Celsius
Magnetics: Geolink / Tensor (mv), SSP / SUCOP (uT), nT, nT no XY inversion, EVO / Applied Physics or Vertex
Accelerometers: G or mG. The option to Invert Z Axis can be checked or unchecked irrespective of the accelerometer unit choice
Jet Size: 1/32nds of an inch or Millimeters (mm)

Set API Units: Automatically sets the above units to match the standard API unit scheme:

Mud: Pounds per Gallon (PPG); Length: Feet; Flow: Gallons per min (GPM); Pressure: Pounds per Square Inch (PSI); Weight: Kilopounds (klbs); Torque: Kilo-foot-pounds (Kftlbs); Volume: Barrels (bbls); Diameter: inches (in); Temperature: Fahrenheit; Jet Size: 1/32nds of an inch.

Set SI Units: Automatically sets the above units to match the standard SI unit scheme:

Mud: Specific Gravity (SG); Length: Meters; Flow: Litres per min (LPM); Pressure: BAR; Weight: Metric Tons; Torque: Kilonewton meters (kNm); Volume: Barrels (bbls); Diameter: inches (in); Temperature: Celsius; Jet Size: 1/32nds of an inch.

Set Canadian Units: Automatically sets the above units to match the standard Canadian unit scheme:

Mud: Kilograms per Cubic Meter (kg/m3); Length: Meters; Flow: Litres per min (LPM); Pressure: Kilopascals (KPa); Weight: Kilo-decanewtons (kdaN); Torque: Kilo-foot-pounds (Kftlbs); Volume: Barrels (bbls); Diameter: Millimeters (mm); Temperature: Celsius; Jet Size: Millimeters (mm).

4.4.1 - Include Tool joints

This option selects whether the OD and ID of the tool joint is included in the calculations. This option only affects torque and drag and hydraulics calculations and by default is set to Yes.

4.4.2 - Include Stabilisers / Centralizers

This option enables or disables drill string stabilisers or casing centralisers in hydraulics and torque and drag calculations. By default, this option is set to Yes.

4.4.3 - Survey Calculation Method

Determines the survey calculation method used for the surveys entered in the Surveys tab on the main user interface. Options are Minimum Curvature, Radius of Curvature, Balanced Tangential and Tangential. By default, Minimum Curvature is selected.

4.4.4 - Include Drilling Data in Calculations

Option determines if data entered in the drilling data tab is used in the hydraulics and torque and drag calculations. If yes is selected the mud weight, mud rheology, ROP and RPM are used at the depths specified in the calculations. This option is useful for comparing field data to modelled data. By default, this option is set to Yes.

4.4.5 - Include Motor Bend in BHA Analysis

Determines if the motor bend is used in the BHA Analysis calculation. By default, this is set to Yes.

4.4.6 - Torque & Drag Model

Options which relate to the T&D calculations.

Viscous Drag: Refers to the drag caused by pulling the string through the mud. This only affects the PU weights. Default is No.
Buckling Friction: The additional friction added if the pipe is buckled and being pushed through the well. Only applies to SO weights. Default is No.
Contact Surface Correction: Additional friction applied based on the surface area of the tubular touching the well bore i.e. casing has more friction because more surface area. Default is No.
Calculate Casing Wear: If No is selected, there will be no output in the Casing Wear Plot. Default is Yes.
Buckling Lines: User can select between Sliding & Rotary. This selection determines which buckling lines are displayed on the Tension On & Off Bottom Snapshot Charts. Default is Sliding.
Buckling Model: Determines the way the Helical Buckling limit is calculated.
- Conservative (Unloading Model): Sinusoidal limit x 1.4. This is the default.
- Standard (Loading Model): Sinusoidal limit x 2.1
Include Friction Reduction Subs: Friction reduction inputs are available in the DP & HWDP component details. This option determines whether these inputs are used in the calculation. Default is Yes.
Include Overpull in stretch calcs: Stretch calculations will take into consideration the overpull entered in the Engineering Parameters tab. Default is No.
Outer String Properties: Required input for Expandable Liner calculations.

Properties: This section allows the user to enter the outer string properties, which are used in the liner expansion calculation. The expanded OD and ID need to be added manually. This section models an inner string of tubing and a liner run as an outer string.

Friction Factors: The pick-up (PU) and Slack-off (SO) friction factors used in the calculation. These will override the friction factors entered in the main grid

Liner Shrinkage: The length difference expected between the expanded and un-expanded liner

Catalogue: This radio button takes the user to the Component Catalogue, where they can select the relevant component to add to the Properties section.

Calculate Shrinkage: This radio button runs the liner shrinkage calculation, and the results will be populated in the Liner Shrinkage section.

Step Interval: Determines the interval between calculated points i.e. with a step interval of 10 outputs are generated every 10 meters or feet. This will be apparent when viewing the data tables. Default is 10 when unit length is Meters and is 30 when unit length is Feet or US Feet.
Air Drilling: To be used when the section is air drilled. User enters the expected standpipe pressure here. This will calculate the additional string weight caused by drilling on air.
Fluid Level: This option allows the user to select the fluid level in the wellbore. The depth entered is Measured Depth, and the program will assume no fluid from surface to this depth. Over this range, there will be no buoyancy factor considered, therefore the hookload will increase as a result.

Include Bow Spring Force: When bow spring centralizers are included on casing or liner runs, this option allows the user to select whether the bow spring force is included in the torque and drag calculation or not. Note that if a bow spring force has been entered, this will be included in the casing standoff calculation regardless of what is selected here.

4.4.7 - Hydraulics Model Options

Options which relate to the Hydraulics calculations. More specifically, the surge and swab calculations.

Surge and swab is calculated by breaking down the measured depth into sections of a given length (Stand Length), where 30m / 100ft is the default. The program then does a lumped surge and swab calculation over this course length, where the pipe accelerates from 0 to the desired trip speed and then decelerating back to zero.

The acceleration and deceleration phases are calculated based on the current trip speed being calculated, the higher the trip speed the larger the acceleration effect. The generated outputs in the plot and data table, are the maximum surge or minimum swab values calculated over this interval.

Surge and Swab Parameters:
- Mud Compressibility: A compressibility factor for the mud in 1/psi. Default for most oil based fluids is 3 x 10-6
- 10m Gel Strength: 10 minute gel strength, used to calculate the additional surge pressure required to break down the gels. Default is 12.
- Stand Length: Length of the stand used in the calculations. Default is 30m / 100ft.
SnS: Include Pipe Acceleration: This option allows the user to include or exclude pipe acceleration. When this is included, the calculation will use an acceleration and deceleration phase for each stand length. When it is not included, the trip speed will be used for the whole stand with no acceleration or deceleration phase. Default is Off.
SnS: Include Gel Strength Pressure Loss: Include the additional pressure required to break down the gels. This is normally fairly small. Default is Off.
SnS: Continuous Circulation: Used to model coiled tubing. Assumes circulation while tripping, this means that swab affects will be less and surge effects will be more depending on flow rate. The first flow rate in the flow grid of the Engineering Parameters tab is used to determine the annular velocity generated by the circulating fluid. Default is Off.
SnS: Limit Acceleration Effects: This option limits the additional surge pressures due to acceleration to a maximum of 2 x the current max surge pressure. This stops very large (artificial) equivalent mud weights being generated when very shallow. Default is On
SnS: Continuous Tripping: This option assumes continuous tripping, and as a result will only calculate one acceleration phase (on the first stand length) and one deceleration phase (on the last stand length). This option is best used to model coiled tubing. Default is Off.
SnS: Use Bit TFA for Open Ended Calcs: This option allows the user to use the bit TFA when running open ended surge and swab calculations. This will only work for assemblies which have a bit and a TFA entered. When this selection is off, the program uses the internal diameter of the last component. Default is Off.
Pump Pressure Safety Factor: This option allows the user to increase the SPP by a specified percentage. Pipe Pressure Loss, Annular Pressure Loss and SPP values are all adjusted to reflect the input Safety Factor.

MPD Data: This option allows the user to enter a back pressure for Managed Pressure Drilling.
- MPD Setup. The MPD Back Pressure is added as a fixed value to all of the SPP calculation totals and will also be reflected in the ECDs.
- EMW Calculator: The user inputs the desired EMW increase at a specific TVD and the required back pressure to be applied is calculated. The user can then enter this value in the MPD setup.

Riser Boost Rate: The boost flow rate across the riser is entered here. This additional flow in the riser annulus affects the annular pressure loss, annular velocity, hole cleaning and ECDs in the riser only. This in change in the riser values affects the SPP, annular pressure loss, hole cleaning and ECDs for the section. This is only applicable in wells where the Well Geometry includes a ‘Riser’. If the well geometry does not include a riser, any value entered here will have no effect on the calculated outputs.

4.4.8 - SAG Calculation Precision

Determines the number of decimal places displayed in the Inc SAG column in the raw surveys tab.

4.4.9 - Survey Precision

Determines the number of decimal places displayed in the MD, Inc and Azi columns in the Actual Surveys and Well Plan tabs.

4.4.10 - Default Chart Formatting

Allows the user to pre-set some of the default chart settings.

Auto Chart Colours: User can select Yes or No. Yes sets the default line colours to the options selected in Customize Colours / Line Styles. No sets the default line colours to random.
Auto Chart Line Styles: User can select Yes or No. Yes sets the default line styles to the options selected in Customize Colours / Line Styles. No sets the default line styles to random.
Customize Colours / Line Styles: Allows the user to manually alter the default colour of lines based upon the chart type and the series. The user can also select a default line style for up to five variants of a series.

4.4.11 - Cementing

The default flow rate in the Cementing tab is barrels per minute (bbls/min). This option allows the user to “Use flow units as pump rate”, which means the flow rate used in the cementing tab will match whatever the user has selected as the flow units from the units menu. This is useful when using the cementing section to simulate pumping pills etc.

4.4.12 - Show / Hide Parameter Columns

This affects the drilling data tab and allows columns to be shown / hidden. If a column is visible it will have a tick next to it. By default, all columns are visible.

4.4.13 - Raw survey QC Limits

Allows the user to change the default raw survey QC parameters. The default values are displayed below. This can only be accessed when Raw Surveys are selected in the Survey Selection drop down menu of the Surveys tab.

4.4.14 - Pressure Gradients

Selecting this option displays a dialog which allows pore pressure, fracture gradient, casing burst and collapse pressures to be displayed.

Depth Input: Determines the depth input for the Pore and Fracture Pressure.

Surveys: This selection relates to the pore and fracture pressure sections. Whatever depth (MD or TVD) is input in these sections, the other value is interpolated from the survey selection.

Graph Setup: User can choose between MD & TVD for the Y-axis and Pressure & EMW for the X-axis.

Pore Pressure: The user can enter the MD or TVD, along with the relevant Pore Pressure. This can be entered as Pressure or EMW, based on the selected input. The corresponding value will be automatically calculated based on these inputs. In the Permeable Zone column, the user can choose from a choice of yes or no. Permeable zones are used for casing design and is used to calculate the external pressure profile named permeable zones.

Fracture Pressure: The user can enter the MD or TVD, along with the relevant Fracture Pressure. This can be entered as Pressure or EMW, based on the selected input. The corresponding value will be automatically calculated based on these inputs.

Casing Seat Calculation: This section calculates the optimum setting depths for casings based on the pore and fracture pressures. The program picks a suitable mud weight to drill with and picks the fewest mud weights to get from top to bottom.

Trip Margin: The input value is added to all the pore pressure values and plotted on the pressure gradients plot. This is a safety factor which takes into consideration reductions in the EMW while tripping out. When entered, the casing seat calculations will take this value into account.
Kick Tolerance: The input value is subtracted from all the fracture pressure values and plotted on the pressure gradients plot. This is a safety factor which takes into consideration increases in the EMW while tripping in. When entered, the casing seat calculations will take this value into account.
Analysis Type: This affects the way the program carries out the casing seat calculation. User can choose between Top Down or Bottom Up. When Top Down is selected, the calculation begins at surface and works its way down. With Bottom Up, the calculation begins at the deepest depth and works its way to surface. The results can vary slightly depending on the analysis type selected.

Casing Design: Opens the Casing Design dialog. For more information on the casing design dialogue see Section 4.5.11: Casing Design.

Well Control: This section deals with Well Control and basic well control calculations, such as maximum allowable annulus surface pressure MAASP. Calculate the required kill mud weight by entering the shut-in drill pipe pressure, and kick tolerance can be calculated in both barrels and ppg.

Shoe: Depth of the Casing Shoe, entered as MD. The corresponding TVD and inclination will be populated based on the survey selected. The Pore and Fracture pressure will also be automatically populated, based on the data entered in these sections.

Open Hole: The open hole depth at which the calculation will be run. The corresponding TVD and inclination will be populated based on the survey selected. The Pore and Fracture pressure will also be automatically populated, based on the data entered in these sections.

Hydrostatic: The Hydrostatic Pressure in psi expected at the shoe and open hole depths entered.

Influx Gradient: The expected pressure gradient for the influx fluid (gas is usually expressed as 0.1 psi / ft)

Safety Margin: The safety margin in psi

Kick IF: The kick Intensity Factor. This value represents the value of the kick above the pore pressure. This is an input.

SW Density: Sea Water Density. This is used for riser less drilling calculations. The value displayed here is the one entered in the Engineering Tab on the main screen.

Ann Cap: The Annular Capacity in bbls/ft or bbls/m. This value is generated based on the hole size and the BHA OD

MAASP: Maximum Allowable Annulus Surface Pressure

MASP (Pore): Maximum allowable surface pressure based on the maximum pore pressure

MASP (Frac): Maximum allowable surface pressure which will not fracture the weak point

Kick Pressure (psi): Expected kick pressure in psi

Kick Pressure (ppg): Expected kick pressure expressed in EMW

Kick Tolerance (bbls): The volume of influx that can be tolerated in bbls. This is a calculated value.

Kick Tolerance (ppg): The volume of influx that can be tolerated in ppg. This is a calculated value

Swabbed KT: Kick tolerance for a swabbed kick (no ECD)

Operator KT: The operators kick tolerance

Pit Gain: Expected pit gain before the well is shut in

SCR: Slow circulating rate pressure

SIDP: Shut in Drill Pipe Pressure.

ICP: Initial Choke Pressure

Water Depth: If the well is offshore this is the water depth

CLF: Choke line friction pressure

SCIP: Shut in casing pressure

FCP: Final Choke Pressure.

Air Gap: Rig air gap expressed as the RKB to the top of the flow line or MSL if drilling riserless

Pump Out: Pump output expressed in bbls/stk

Kill MW: Kill Mud Weight. This is the calculated mud weight required to kill the well.

Riser Margin: The riser margin represents the increase in mud weight required to compensate for loss of hydrostatic head if the riser is disconnected.

MW: Mud weight of the mud in the current hole section

KT Sensitivity: This radio button opens the Kick Tolerance Sensitivity Analysis Plot.

Pump Output: This radio button opens the Pump Data dialogue, which is explained in more detail in the Tools section of this manual.

Pressure Gradients Chart: This chart displays a graphical output of the data entered in this section. The chart can be manipulated and exported in the same way as all the other charts in Engineering.

4.4.15 - Temperature Gradients

This section is for reference and the inputs do not currently have any effect on any of the calculations. Four temperature profiles are plotted on the Temperature Gradients Chart: Static, Drilling, Cementing and Production.

Temperature Gradients: The values input in this section directly relate to the Static Temperature. The other three temperatures are calculated based on these values.

Surface Temperature: The temperature at surface. This will be the starting point on the X-Axis for the Static Temperature line.
Water Depth: The depth of the water when drilling offshore. This option is activated when the offshore box is checked.
Water Gradient: The gradient of the water temperature. This option is activated when the offshore box is checked. NOTE: this can be a negative value.
Temp Gradient: The temperature gradient from surface / mudline.
Multiple Gradients: When checked, the user can input as many temperature gradients as required.
Interpolation: User can interpolate the Static, Drilling, Cementation and Production temperatures, at any given MD or TVD.

Temperature Profiles: The formulae used to create the four temperature profiles modelled in this section are detailed below.

Static Temperature Profile:

Onshore: Td -st = Ts + DGst (eqn 1)

Where

Td-st = static temperature of interested depth (F or C)
Ts= surface temperature (F or C)
D = true vertical depth of interest (ft or m)
Gst = geothermal gradient in degree per depth unit (F/100ft or C/30m)

Offshore: Td -st = Tml + (D - Dw )Gst (eqn 2)

Where

Td-st = static temperature of interested depth (F or C)
Tml = mud line temperature (F or C)
Dw = water depth (ft or m)
D = true vertical depth of interest (ft or m)
Gst = geothermal gradient in degree per depth unit (F/100ft or C/30m)

Cementing Temperature Profile:

Tb-circ = (1.342 - 0.2228Gst )Tb-st + 33.54Gst -102.1 (eqn 3)

Tb-cmt = Tb circ + (Tb-st – Tb-circ) / 4 (eqn 4)

Ts-cmt = Ts + 0.3(Tb-cmt - Ts) (eqn 5)

Where

Tb-circ = bottom hole circulating temperature (°F)
Ts= surface temperature (°F)
Gst = geothermal gradient (°F/100ft)
Tb-cmt = bottom hole as cemented temperature (°F)
Ts-cmt = surface as cemented temperature (°F)

Drilling Temperature Profile:

Ts-d = 0.9Tb-st – ⅔DSOH(0.8Gst)/100 (eqn 6)

TDSOH -d = 0.95Tb-st (eqn 7)

Where:

Ts-d = drilling temperature at surface (°F)

TDSOH-d = drilling temperature at the depth of deepest subsequent open hole (°F)

Tb-st = bottom hole static temperature (°F)

DSOH = deepest subsequent open hole depth (ft)

Gst = geothermal gradient (°F/100ft)

Production Temperature Profile:

For production casing

Ts-p = 0.95Tb-st – ⅔Dp(0.7Gst)/100 (eqn 8)

For tubing

Ts-p = 0.95Tb-st – ⅔Dp(0.5Gst)/100 (eqn 9)

Where:

Ts-p = surface production temperature (°F)

Tb-st = bottom hole static temperature (°F)

Dp = depth of production zone (ft)

Gst = geothermal gradient (°F/100ft)

4.4.16 - Pipe Tensile Yield Limits

Allows the user to enter a pipe size and yield limit into the grid. This can then be displayed on any of the charts via the add additional series button. This input does not affect any calculation. It is instead a reference which can be added to the required charts.

4.4.17 - Add Tortuosity

This option allows the user to add tortuosity to a plan or survey. This option will be greyed out unless the user is in the Surveys tab on the main screen. This option is only available for Actual and Well Plan surveys and cannot be used with raw surveys. In some situations, it may be necessary to add tortuosity to a well plan or survey to better simulate real life conditions. Well plans which contain purely vertical sections are a typical example of this. See Section 7.5.1: Tortuosity for more details.

4.5.1 – Quick Bit Hydraulics

Access the quick bit hydraulics tool. This allows bit hydraulics to be calculated without having to enter all the details for a complete hydraulics calculation.

Enter the bit jet details into the jets grid. The left-hand column is the size of the jet and the right hand column is for the number of that particular jet size. If you do not know the exact jet details, click the fixed TFA check box and enter the TFA into the edit box.

Enter the flow rate, mud weight and the bit size in to the edit boxes in the parameters section. The units can be adjusted from the combo boxes in the units frame. This does not affect the units in the main project. The results are displayed in the results section. Note that all data entered in this calculator will be reset when the dialogue is closed.

4.5.2 – Interpolate

This option is only available if the surveys tab is selected, and is only available for Actual and Well Plan surveys and cannot be used with raw surveys. It allows the user to perform both MD and TVD interpolations from which ever survey grid is currently active. This is determined by the survey selection combo on the survey tab.

Enter a depth into either the MD or TVD cell to perform the interpolation. Interpolations for multiple depths can be performed simply by typing a value in to the next available blank line. The results can be exported to a tab delimited text file by clicking on the export button. Alternatively, the contents of the grid can be copied by selecting the cells of interest and pressing Ctrl + C.

4.5.3 – Pump Data

This gives the user access to the Pump Data dialog.

The pump output in barrels / stroke can be calculated by entering the pump liner size, stroke length and pump efficiency. By default, the efficiency is set to 97%. Select if the pump type being used is duplex or triplex from the pump type combo box.

Pump liner size and rating can also be input here. This can then be displayed on any of the charts via the add additional series button. This input does not affect any calculation. It is instead a reference which can be added to the required charts.

4.5.4 – Pipe Length Calculator

A calculator which lets the user calculate the total length of pipe by entering the nominal length of 1 joint of pipe along with the number of joints.

4.5.5 – Tubular Properties Calculator

Allows the user to calculate the tubular properties of Drill Pipe, Casing and Tubing.

Tubular Details: Where the user enters the details of the relevant tubular.

Tubular Type: Select Drill Pipe, Casing or Tubing from the drop-down menu.

Material Grade: Select the appropriate grade of steel from the drop-down menu

Yield Strength: The yield strength of the pipe, based on the selected Material Grade

OD: Outside Diameter of the pipe

ID: Inside Diameter of the pipe

Wall Thickness: Wall thickness of the pipe. New pipe will be 100%

Axial Tension: The Axial Tension expected on the tubular (+ve for tension and -ve for compression). This value affects the Results and Collapse Modes output.

Capacity: Internal Capacity of the pipe in barrels per foot

Closed Disp: Closed end displacement of the pipe in barrels per foot.

Open Disp: Open ended displacement of the pipe in barrels per foot. This is the Closed Displacement minus the Capacity.

Calculated Coefficients: The coefficients used for the collapse calculation (see API 5CT)

Casing Connection: This section allows the user to select the appropriate Casing connection and is only available to edit when Casing is selected from the Tubular Type drop-down in the Tubular Details section. The Material Grade can be selected on the main dialogue and the Casing Connection Selector Dialogue can be accessed from the Select Connection radio button.

Connection types are selected from the top menu. This selection will populate the bottom table with the relevant tubular sizes, which can be selected by the user. Highlighting the relevant line and pressing select, closes the window and populates the casing connection values.

Collapse Modes: See API 5CT

Triaxial Altered Strengths Chart: This chart plots a comparison of the Triaxial Altered Loads with the API Load Window. This shows the adjusted burst and collapse pressures when tension or compression is applied.

4.5.6 – Component Catalogue

Displays the Component Catalogue. This can also be accessed from the toolbar on the main page and by right clicking on the drill string grid on the first tab of the main screen and selecting “Select from library” from the context menu. This enables the “Insert into Drill String” button and the details of the selected library item will be added to the selected row of the drill string grid. Custom items can be added by clicking the “add new” button and items can be removed by clicking the delete button. Note that if the program is re installed all customizations will be lost. To prevent this from happening the catalogue file should be copied (located in the install directory) and the default catalogue replaced with the customised one after the install.

4.5.7 – Pipe Class Editor

This dialogue shows the percentage wall thickness of the different classes of Drill Pipe. The industry standard values are included. These values are editable and affect torque and drag buckling calculations.

4.5.8 – Standoff Optimisation Parameters

These inputs affect the casing standoff calculation.

Desired Standoff: This is the standoff which will be calculated when Optimise Standoff is selected
Max Step Value: The minimum step value between one optimum spacing and the next. Engineering looks at the required spacing values which provide the desired standoff, and groups similar values (which land within the step range) together to provide a single optimum spacing output for each of these points. This is basically a smoothing parameter. Larger step values encompass more of the optimum spacing values providing more of a smoothing effect.
Max Spacing: The spacing value at which no centralisers will be recommended. This affects the Centralizer Spacing Summary in the Standoff Summary Report.

4.5.9 – Well Schematic

This shows a graphical representation of the well geometry section on the first tab of the main screen. Depending on the size of the screen the user has, this may already be visible in a pane at the right of the screen. Due to the limited size of most laptop screens, this schematic will be hidden from view to maximise the rest of the interface.

4.5.10 – Multi-Station Analysis

This opens the Multi Station Analysis (MSA) dialogue and is only available to select when raw surveys are selected in the survey tab on the main screen.

Magnetics: Mostly populated from the values entered in the raw survey data section of the surveys tab. Only the HL Ref can be edited from this screen. This cell contains the HL value entered on the main surveys tab but, can be edited here if a more accurate value is supplied e.g. from an IFR model.

Vertical Section: Populated from the values entered in the vertical section cells of the surveys tab. These cells can’t be edited from this dialogue.

MSA Parameters: The user can select the required Bias and SF start, stop and Step values. If the LSQ fit does not show a good curve with a minimum found these values can be adjusted to extend the range of the calculation. Changing the step size can speed up / slow down the calculation but a smaller step size can increase the accuracy.

QC Parameters: Populated from the values entered in the raw survey QC limits. These cells can’t be edited from this dialogue.

MSA QC Parameters: Populated from the values entered in the raw survey QC limits. These cells can’t be edited from this dialogue.

Pseudo Bias/SF: Calculated X, Y & Z magnetometer Bias and Scale results. Only populated after Calculate MSA radio button has been clicked.

Override Correction: When this box is ticked the user can manually edit the Bias X, Y, Z and Scale X, Y, Z values.

Apply Gt Weighting: Surveys at a higher inclination are given more weighting in the calculation than surveys at lower inclinations. This is because they have more of an effect on azimuth. Ticking this box defines if the weighting is applied.

Values in Use: The user can choose which values to use for the calculation:

Azimuth: This selection determines which azimuth is used in the survey calculation and only affects TVD, NS, EW, VS, DLS etc. Choose between MSA, SCC and RAW.
Inclination: This selection determines which inclination is used in the survey calculation and only affects TVD, NS, EW, VS, DLS etc. Choose between RAW and SAG Corrected.

Calculate MSA: This selection runs the MSA calculation.

Select All: Selects all the survey stations in the survey grid.

Un-Select All: Un-Selects all the survey stations in the survey grid.

Survey Grid: All raw surveys entered into the surveys tab on the main screen will be entered in this grid when the dialogue is first opened. The MSA columns will then be populated once the calculate MSA radio button has been selected. As with the main survey grid, all values out of spec will be highlighted red. Additionally the Uncor Azi, Azi SCC and MSA Azi columns are highlighted blue for easy of comparison. In the event that the MSA calculation is run and an MSA Azi value is out with the QC Parameters then that surveys MSA Azi will be highlighted red. If the MZA Azi is within QC Parameters but out with MSA QC Parameters then that surveys MSA Azi will be highlighted orange.

At the left-hand side of the screen, if required the user can deselect any survey station which is out of spec. Once the relevant surveys have been deselected it is possible to rerun the calculation. The lines which have been deselected will have blank cells in the MSA columns, and this station will not be included in the calculation.

File Menu: At the top left of the MSA dialogue are the File and View toolbar menu options, which gives the user a range of additional reporting and chart options relating to the MSA calculation.

Print PDF Report: This generates a PDF report which includes the MSA results, Magnetics, Pseudo Bias & SF values and a listing of the corrected surveys. Note that any stations which were deselected will not appear in this listing, and that this report is NOT available from the Print Reports section. The following charts are also included in the report: BH BV Scatter Plot, B Total Comparison, MSA Azimuth Comparison, Dip Comparison, HSTF v Azimuth Correction, Corrected vs Uncorrected surveys (Plan and Section View) and GT Plot.

Print Excel Report: This generates an Excel report which includes a Survey Comparison, Uncorrected Surveys and Corrected Surveys tab. The same charts included in the PDF report are also included in the excel report.

Export: Exports the main MSA data table, as displayed on the main MSA interface. This can be exported as a .txt or Excel file.

Exit: Closes the MSA Dialogue

View Menu: The View menu contains QA/QC and other tools to evaluate the data.

LSQ Data: Shows the data from the Least Squares Fit charts.

Azimuth Comparison Chart: Provides the user with a visual representation of the Uncorrected azimuth against the SCC corrected azimuth and the MSA azimuth.

HL Comparison Chart: Gives the user a visual representation of the reference HL against the measured (uncorrected) HL and the SCC & MSA corrected HL values. The chart also includes the tolerance lines which make it very easy to quickly identify any points which are out with the QC parameters

Dip Comparison Chart: Gives the user a visual representation of the reference Dip against the measured (uncorrected) Dip and the SCC & MSA corrected Dip values. The chart also includes the tolerance lines which make it very easy to quickly identify any points which are out with the QC parameters

BH BV Scatter Plot: Shows the horizontal and vertical components of the sensor readings plotted against the QC values. Ideally, they should all reside within the limits

LQS Chart: Shows the least squares fit. If a V shape curve is seen the minimum has been found and the calculation is a success. If any one of the charts does not show a “minimum found” the calculation must be re-run.

TF vs Azimuth Correction Plot: This Chart plots the difference in the RAW and MSA corrected azimuths against the HSTF recorded when the survey was taken. This chart gives a good visual representation of the number of surveys taken in each quadrant. For best results, an even spread is ideal, but it is essential that there are at least some survey points in each quadrant.

Delta Azi Plot: The Delta Azi Plot shows the difference in azimuth between the MSA and RAW azimuth and the SCC and RAW azimuth.

Delta Dip Plot: The Delta Dip Plot shows the difference in the dip between the MSA and RAW dip and the SCC and RAW dip.

Delta HL Plot: The Delta HL Plot shows the difference in the HL between the MSA and RAW dip and the SCC and RAW dip.

Corrected vs Uncorrected Surveys – Plan View Plot: This plot shows the difference between the corrected and uncorrected surveys in the plan view.

Corrected vs Uncorrected Surveys – Section View Plot: This plot shows the difference between the corrected and uncorrected surveys in the section view.

GT Plot: The GT Plot shows the measured GT values against the value entered in the magnetics section.

Show Labels on Scatter: Selecting this option, displays labels on the BH BV Scatter plot.

Report Options: Allows the user to select which plots to include in the reports.

4.5.11 – Casing Design

This function is not currently supported but will be in a future release.

4.5.12 – Create Tally / BHA Sheet

This section allows the user to enter multiple BHAs, a Liner Tally, a Work String Tally and an Inner String Tally, and then create an output report which contains the details, including graphics.

The user can import the BHA directly from the Drill String section on the main screen by selecting the Import BHA radio button at the bottom right of the screen. The only things which need to be input manually are the Component Type, Fish Neck OD and Fish Neck Length.

4.5.13 – Jar Placement

This opens the Jar Placement Dialog.

The Jar Placement dialog displays all the information and results relevant to the jar placement module.

Drill String

Non-editable display of the drill string entered in the Drill String section of the main UI. Jars are highlighted in green and accelerators in orange.

Jar Data

Non-editable display of the jar and accelerator component details entered in the Drill String section of the main UI. Only Stroke and Mandrel Area affect the jar placement results. All other cells are for reference only.

Stroke: This is the free stroke length and is used in the impact and impulse calculations.
Mandrel Area: Is used in the pump open force calculation.

Drilling Data

Non-editable display of drilling data used in the jar placement calculations.

Hole Depth: Value taken from the deepest MD entered in the Well Geometry section of the main UI. Dictates the deepest depth that the neutral point calculation is run.
Mud Weight: Value from the Fluid Properties, Mud Weight cell. Used in the buoyancy factor calculation.
Buoyancy Factor: Calculated using the below formula.
- BF = 1 – (MW/k)
- Where BF is buoyancy factor, MW is mud weight and k is a (mud weight unit dependant) constant. Buoyancy factor is used in the neutral point and jarring results calculations.
Flow Rate: Value from the Engineering Parameters tab. If manual flow increment is selected, the first flow rate entered will be used in the calculation. If the automatic range is selected, the flow rate entered in line 3 will be used. Used in the pump open force calculation.
WOB: Value from Torque and Drag sections WOB Rotate cell. Used in the neutral point calculation.
Hole Size: Value from Well Geometry, Open Hole, ID cell. Used in the Jar Size Check and Jarring Results calculations.
Inclination at Bit: Interpolated inclination from the survey listing at the Hole Depth. Used in the Weight Below Jar BHL (Air)/(Mud) calculation.

Jar Checklist

Non-editable display of calculated data.

Jar Size Check: A pass or fail check based upon the jar size and the hole size. This is to confirm that the correct OD jar has been chosen for the given hole size. Note that a Fail in this cell has NO effect on the jarring calculations, which will be run regardless. All this cell does is highlights to the user if the size of the jar selected is suitable for the hole size based on a checklist which can be fully edited by the user. This is a warning and no more.
Jar is in: TENSION or COMPRESSION. Based upon the input data, this cell shows whether the jar is currently in tension or compression.
Weight Below Jar Vertical (Air): The weight below the jar in a vertical well in the absence of a drilling fluid. Calculated by the sum of the component weights (input in the Drill String section of the main UI) beneath the jar.
Weight Below Jar Vertical (Mud): The weight below the jar in a vertical well, taking in to account the buoyancy effect of the drilling fluid. Calculated by multiplying the Weight Below Jar Vertical (Air) by the buoyancy factor.
Weight Below Jar BHL (Air): The weight below the jar at the bottom hole location (the bit depth) in the absence of a drilling fluid. Calculated by multiplying the Weight Below Jar Vertical (Air) by the cosine of the Inclination at Bit.
Weight Below Jar BHL (Mud): The weight below the jar at the bottom hole location (the bit depth), taking in to account the buoyancy effect of the drilling fluid. Calculated by multiplying the Weight Below Jar Vertical (Mud) by the cosine of the Inclination at Bit.
Pump Open Force: The force generated by the flow of drilling fluid through the BHA that acts to open the jar. Calculated by the bit pressure loss multiplied by the Mandrel Area.
Neutral Point: The MD of the point in the drill string that transitions from compression to tension based upon the input data. This is directly affected by the WOB.
Jar to Bit: The distance from the top of the jar to the face of the bit.
Accelerator to Bit: The distance from the top of the accelerator to the face of the bit.

Pump Open Force Chart

The pump open force chart displays the pump open force versus the flow rate. The green vertical line depicts the currently selected flow rate.

Neutral Point Road Map

The neutral point chart is a neutral point road map, which shows the WOB to avoid at every depth along the well path. The centre of the red area represents the neutral point. The red section represents a ±5% safety margin, and the orange area represents a ±10% safety margin. This gives the personnel on the job a WOB range to avoid for any given MD along the entire well path. Note that the 5% and 10% margins are the default values, but these can be changed based on user requirements via the settings menu.

Jarring Up Chart

The jarring up chart displays the calculated jarring up impulse and impact at the jar, versus hook load.

Jarring Down Chart

The jarring down chart displays the calculated jarring down impulse and impact at the jar, versus hook load. The area shaded in red indicates the hook load range in which the string is modelled as being helically buckled. The buckling will occur at some point in the drill string above the jar and simply indicates that it may not be possible to transmit the required weight to cock / fire the jar. This range is indicated in the jarring results table by lines highlighted in Orange.

Jarring Results Table

The jarring results table showing the results of the jarring calculations. These results are the source of the data that is plotted in the Jarring Up and Jarring Down charts. Note, that in the jarring down section of the results table, any lines which are highlighted in orange, indicate the hook load range in which the string is modelled as being helically buckled. The buckling will occur at some point in the drill string above the jar and simply indicates that it may not be possible to transmit the required weight to cock / fire the jar. This range is represented in the jarring down chart by the red shaded area.

HKLD @ Fire: The surface hook load used to fire the jar This takes in to account the string weight and pick up forces which need to be overcome before the jar starts to have overpull applied. The calculation assumes CHFF 0.15 and OHFF 0.25.
OP @ Surf: The overpull registered at surface for a given hook load.
OP @ Jar: The overpull at the jar for a given hook load. This takes in to account the effects of drag.
Wt @ Surf: The weight registered at surface for a given hook load.
Wt @ Jar: The weight at the jar for a given hook load. This takes in to account the effects of drag.
Impact @ Jar: The impact at the jar resulting from the jar firing when the associated hook load is registered at surface. Calculated utilising the length of the drill collars above the jar, the stroke length of the jar, the overpull/weight applied and the drag in the hole.
Impulse @ Jar: The impulse at the jar resulting from the jar firing when the associated hook load is registered at surface. Calculated as the integral of impact force with respect to time.
Impact @ SP: The impact at the stuck point (the bit) resulting from the jar firing when the associated hook load is registered at surface. Calculated utilising the length of the drill collars above the jar, the stroke length of the jar, the overpull/weight applied, the drag in the hole and the distance between the jar and the stuck point.
Impulse @ SP: The impulse at the stuck point (the bit) resulting from the jar firing when the associated hook load is registered at surface. Calculated as the integral of impact force with respect to time.

File Menu

Within the Jar Placement dialog, the user can output the following via the File Menu:

Jar placement report
The jarring results table data
Any of the charts present.

Print Report

The user selects File > Print Report. This generates a report which can be saved to pdf format.

The report includes all the data and charts displayed within the Jar Placement dialog.

Print Results Grid to Text File

Exports the data in the Jarring Results table in a .txt file format.

Export Charts

Additionally, the user can export any of the charts individually using the right click context menu and selecting Export Dialog.

Settings Menu

The settings Menu gives the user access to the Jar Placement Settings dialog.

The Jar Placement Settings dialog is where the user can adjust the jar check size and neutral point chart safety factors.

Jar Check Size: The user can enter the jar sizes and the relevant minimum and maximum hole sizes the jars are suitable to be run in. This information will be displayed on the main Jar Placement dialog in the jar checklist section. These sizes will also be used by the program for the Jar Size Check, where the user will be informed if the jar they have entered into the drill string is suitable, based on the hole size selected.

Neutral Point Safety Factors: The safety factors entered here are represented on the neutral point chart on the main Jar Placement dialog.

Safety factor 1 is represented by the red highlighted area
Safety factor 2 is the orange area displayed on either side of the neutral point line.

The default values are 5% and 10% respectively but can be changed here, as per the user’s requirements.

Impulse/Impact Charts X Axis Hookload: When checked, the X axis of the Jarring Up and Down charts will represent the Hookload at surface. If unchecked, the X axis will represent the relevant Overpull (Jarring Up) and Slack Off (Jarring Down) values.

4.5.14 – Auto Fill Pump Out Force

The Auto Fill Pump Out Force tool, allows the user to calculate the flow rate required in order to generate enough force to pump out a casing shoe auto fill device.

Diameter of Ball: The diameter of the ball being dropped in the string

ID of Autofill: The internal diameter of the Autofill

Number of Slots: The number of slots in the autofill

Slot Width: The width of the slots in the autofill

Flow Rate: The flow rate at which the force will be calculated

Mud Weight: Mud weight

Flow By Area No Ball: Flow by area in the autofill when there is no ball

Flow by Area: Flow by area in the autofill when the ball has been seated

Pressure Drop: The pressure drop generate by the restriction created by the ball

Force: The force created by the pressure drop

4.5.15 – Packer Setting Analysis

In a deviated well, when weight is slacked off (SO) at surface, depending on the well trajectory, the BHA, the mud and the friction in the hole, this weight is not always transmitted all the way down the string. This dialog allows the user to calculate the slack off weight required at surface to achieve a given slack off at a certain point in the string. The calculation will be run against the actual surveys in the surveys tab. If no surveys are entered, then the calculation will use the Well Plan.

Packer Setting Weight: The Slack Off (SO) weight required to set the packer.

Packer Distance from Btm: The distance of the packer from the bottom of the drill string. For this calculation, Engineering uses the drill string entered in the drill string tab.

String Depth: The string depth entered in the T&D section of the Engineering Parameters tab, this is the depth at which the calculation will be run.

Results: This section will display an output for each of the friction factors entered in the Engineering Parameters Tab.

Hookload: The hookload expected at surface when the relevant slack off weight is applied.
SO Weight: The slack off (SO) weight actually required at surface to achieve the Packer Setting Weight entered, based on the packers position in the string, which is determined by the value entered in the Packer Distance from Btm cell.

Well Schematic: The Well Schematic is generated using the information entered in the Well Geometry and the Drill String sections of the main user interface.

4.5.16 – Pass Through Dogleg

The pass through dogleg dialog allows the user to calculate the maximum dogleg a certain length of tool can pass through before binding on the ID of the wellbore. It also shows the maximum length of tool which can pass through a given dogleg.

Controls

Tool Max OD: The maximum outside diameter of the tool being run
Hole Size: The size of the hole the tool is being run in.
Tool Length: The length of the tool being run.

Chart

Actual DLS: The doglegs taken from the Actual Surveys entered in the surveys tab. If no actual surveys have been entered the program will use the doglegs from the Well Plan. Note that doglegs from the RAW survey are not displayed on this chart; if no actual surveys or well plan data is available, the actual DLS will display as zero.
Max Tool Length: The maximum tool length which can pass through the actual dogleg at the given depth
Critical DLS: The maximum dogleg the tool for a specified length can pass through

4.5.17 – Mud / Buoyancy Factor Calculation

The Mud / Buoyancy calculation dialog allows the user to quickly calculate the buoyancy factor for single and multiple fluids along with the hydrostatic pressure.

Single Fluid Buoyancy Factor

User enters the mud weight and the Buoyancy Factor is automatically calculated.

Multi Fluid Buoyancy Factor

User enters the OD and ID of the string along with the External and Internal Fluid weight and the Buoyancy Factor is automatically calculated.

Hydrostatic Pressure

User enters the mud weight and the TVD and the Hydrostatic Pressure is automatically calculated.

4.5.18 – EDR Data File Parser

The EDR Data File Parser allows the user to import external data into the Drilling Data tab and apply some basic data processing.

When selected, the program will ask the user to select a data file to open. Data can be imported from tab and space delimited .txt files, comma delimited .csv files, Excel spreadsheets and .las files. Once a data file is selected the EDR Data Parser window will open:

Imported data is displayed in the lower window. Processing tools for each column of data are displayed in the top window. Note that the Process Data button must be pressed before any of the data processing tools are applied.

Mapping: Use this dropdown box to assign the data in the column to the correct parameter. Mapping must be assigned to export the data to the Drilling Data tab.

Max Val: Any values in the column larger than this value will be ignored.

Min Val: Any values in the column smaller than this value will be ignored.

Rolling Average: Applies a rolling average to each data point in the column, based on previous data points. The number entered in the Rolling Average field defines how many previous data points are used in the calculation.

Reload File: Resets the data to its original state before any data processing has been applied.

Process Data: Applies Maximum Value, Minimum Value and Rolling Average settings to the data.

Export to File: Exports the processed data to an external file. Data can be saved as tab and space delimited .txt files, comma delimited .csv files, Excel spreadsheets and .las files.

Export to Params: Exports the processed data to the Drilling Data tab. Note: This action deletes all existing data in the Drilling Data tab.

# Data Points: Sets the interval of imported data points. For example: selecting an interval of 1 will import every line of data. Selecting an interval of 2 will import every other line.

Null Value: Sets the value used to signify a null value or ‘no data’ in a cell. This should match the null value used in the file being imported. By default it is -999.25.

This menu allows the various module calculations to be performed. Depending on the license purchased not all options may be available. Note that “Torque and Drag Snapshot” will only run the calculation for the snapshot charts. This can be used to cut down calculation time when playing about with different pipe configurations in long extended reach wells where buckling is present.

4.6.1 – Wellpath Magnetic Interference

This option allows the user to check the current BHA configuration to see if there is adequate non-magnetic spacing above and below the sensor. The calculation uses the BHA entered in the drill string tab and will run against whichever survey selection (Actual Surveys, Well Plan, Raw Surveys) is being displayed in the Surveys tab at the time.

Azimuth: The azimuth displayed is referenced to Magnetic North and will therefore look different when compared to the azimuth that was entered in the plan (which could be referenced to Grid or True North). The correction applied to the input azimuth is automatic and is based on the Geomagnetic data that you have entered in the Raw Survey Data Section.

Delta Bz: The expected error between the Theoretical Bz and the Measured Bz (from MWD) for raw, uncorrected surveys.

Delta Azimuth: The expected error in the raw uncorrected azimuth reading, <0.25 degrees is considered acceptable

Delta Dip: The expected error between the calculated dip (from the geo-mag data) and the actual measured value (from MWD). This will be highlighted in red if the value is greater than the tolerance entered in the QC Limits dialog (see Options menu).

Delta HL: The expected error between the calculated magnetic field strength (from the geo-mag data) and the actual measured value (from MWD). This will be highlighted in red if the value is greater than the tolerance entered in the QC Limits dialog (see Options menu).

Theoretical Bz: The theoretical magnetic field strength expected in the Z axis with no interference.

SCC Delta Azi: The expected error in the SCC corrected azimuth, <0.5 degrees is considered acceptable. This is affected by the Latitude entered in the Raw Survey Data section.

The P1 and P2 pole strength values are automatically selected based on the component type and size above and below the non mag components in the string. These can be overridden by the user if necessary, by checking the override pole box at the bottom right of the dialog and alternative values can then be entered by the user.

The whole output can be saved to pdf by selecting File – Export to PDF.

The data table can be exported to Excel by selecting File - Export.

These results can be used to make an informed decision as to whether there is a requirement to run the SCC algorithm, add additional non-mag or do nothing. Company policy will dictate what error values are considered acceptable.

4.6.2 – BHA Analysis and SAG Correction

The results of the BHA Analysis and SAG calculation are displayed in this output. For details regarding how to select the parameters that the BHA Analysis and SAG calculation is run with see section 7.4 - Survey Corrections

Deflected Shape: Shows the deflected shape of the BHA. The blue dot represents the sensor position. Note that the displayed plot always represents the final station.
BHA Slope: Shows the slope of the BHA and relates to the correction. The blue dot represents the sensor position. The displayed plot always represents the final station.
MD: Measured Depth of Station.
Inc (Org): The uncorrected inclination.
Inc (Corr): The SAG corrected inclination.
Sag (Corr): The SAG correction to be applied to the uncorrected inclination. Inc (Org) + Sag (Corr) = Inc (Corr)
Bit SF: Sideforce at the bit.
BUR: Predicted Rotary Build Rate.
WR: Predicted Rotary Walk Rate.
BUR (Slide): Predicted Build Rate Sliding. If the motor has a 0° bend, this column will not display.
WR: (Slide): Predicted Walk Rate Sliding. If the motor has a 0° bend, this column will not display.
Crit RPM: The theoretical RPM that excites the natural frequency of the drill string. These RPM's should be avoided when rotating.

File: Gives the user the option to export the BHA Deflected Shape and BHA Slope charts by selecting Export to PDF and the option to export the results data in .txt, xls or xlsx format by selecting Export. The user can also exit the BHA Analysis and SAG Results dialog by selecting Exit.

RT Vib Data: Selecting Real Time Vibration Data will open the Enter Real Time Vibration Data dialog. The user can input real time vibration data into this dialog, which will be plotted against RPM and Vibration on the Critical RPM Chart.

View Critical RPM Chart: Selecting this will open the Critical RPM Chart. This chart displays all the user input real time vibration data against RPM. Additionally, the chart displays the critical RPM values (vertical red lines) calculated for the last point in the BHA Analysis and SAG Results. This allows the user to compare real world vibration data vs modelled predictions.

4.6.3 – BHA Sensitivity Analysis

Selecting BHA Sensitivity Analysis from the Calculate Menu opens the BHA Sensitivity Analysis Dialogue. The BHA from the main drill string section is used.

Select Parameters is the input section for the calculation. An unlimited number of lines can be added to this section allowing the user to analyse a range of different scenarios.

Parameter: The user can then select one of 6 parameters to run the analysis on.

Inclination: Select a range of inclinations.
Dogleg Severity: Select a range of doglegs. This effectively mimics the curvature of the hole.
Motor Bend: Select a range of motor bend settings.
Hole Size: Select a range of hole sizes. This allows the user to model the effect of varying degrees of hole washout on the assembly trend. Note that the hole size must be the same size as the bit or larger. Any value entered which is smaller than the bit and the calculation will not run.
Top Stabiliser Size: Select a range of top stabiliser sizes. This option looks at the BHA for the stabiliser which is furthest from the bit and effectively overrides the Stab OD value in the component details section.
WOB: Select a range of WOB values.

Start Value: First value in the range

Stop Value: Final value in the range

Step Value: Step size to be used in the calculation between the start and stop values

Toolface: The Toolface used in the analysis. This affects the BUR & WR Sliding

Inclination: The Inclination used for the analysis. This will be greyed out when inclination is selected in the parameters column

DLS: The dogleg used for the analysis. This will be greyed out when DLS is selected in the parameters column

Motor Bend: The Motor Bend used for the analysis. This will be greyed out when motor bend is selected in the parameters column

Hole Size: The Hole Size used for the analysis. This will be greyed out when hole size is selected in the parameters column

Top Stab Size: The Top Stab Size used for the analysis. This will be greyed out when top stab size is selected in the parameters column

WOB: The WOB used for the analysis. This will be greyed out when WOB is selected in the parameters column

Results: This is where all the results are displayed. If more than one line has been calculated the user can scroll through the results for each line from the dropdown menu. Results can be exported as excel or text files. The user can choose to export one single set of results, or checking the Export All Lines box will create a report which includes all results.

Parameter Column: This column will change depending on the parameter selected for the calculation, and will contain the start value and the stop value along with all of the relevant step values in between.

BUR ROT: The calculated rotary build rate.

BUR Slide: The calculated build rate when sliding. With a toolface of zero, this value will represent the theoretical maximum motor yield for the selected bend.

Toolface: The toolface used in the calculation

WR Rot: The calculated rotary walk rate. This is directly affected by the Bit Formation Index, which is input in the Bit component details section on the drill string tab.

WR Slide: The calculated walk rate when sliding. This is directly affected by the selected toolface.

Show Charts: This radio button will plot the values displayed in the selected table.

Calculate Menu: Runs the calculations.

Allows the user to plot either the section, plan or 3D view for the surveys entered. All surveys can be viewed from the one plot and turned on or off as the user desires. See Section 11.0 – Chart Results for more information on customizing plots.

This menu allows the user to view the results from either the well path Magnetic interference calculation or the survey SAG Correction, by selecting the appropriate option.

It is important to note here that in order to view the results, the calculations must have first been run via either the Calculate menu or the shortcuts on the toolbar. If the user selects either of these options and the calculations have not been run, they will get the following error message.

Allows the user to select and view the results from the hydraulics module in either tabular or graphical form. It is important to note here that in order to view the results, the hydraulics calculation must have first been run via either the Calculate menu or the shortcut on the toolbar. If the user selects any of these options and the calculations have not been run, they will get an error message.

4.9.1 – Hydraulics Charts

There are 3 standard hydraulics charts available. These are all drilling charts, which display the values expected at surface when the assembly is at any given depth.

4.9.1.1 - Pump Pressure Chart

This chart displays the standpipe pressure (SPP) expected at surface when the BHA is at any given depth. There will be a line displayed for each of the flowrates entered in the hydraulics section of the Engineering Tab. If pump liner data has been added to the pump data dialog in the tools menu, then this can also be represented on the chart via the add series dialog.

4.9.1.2 - ECD Chart

This chart displays the following lines for each of the flowrates entered in the hydraulics section of the Engineering Tab:

Clean ECD: The ECD at the end of the string, for any given depth, based on a cutting’s free annulus.
Dirty ECD: The ECD at the end of the string, for any given depth, based on a cutting’s loaded annulus. The volume of cuttings in the annulus is calculated based on the ROP entered in the hydraulics section of the Engineering Tab. If the ROP is entered as zero then the clean and dirty ECD lines will lie on top of each other.
ECD Snapshot: The ECD snapshot line shows the expected ECD at each point in the annulus when the string is at a given depth. This depth relates to the deepest depth represented on the chart. This line is generated based on a cuttings free annulus, which means that the last point for both the Clean ECD line and the ECD Snapshot line will be the same.

A line representing the Mud Weight is also displayed on the chart.

4.9.1.3 - Surge and Swab Chart

This chart displays the surge and swab lines for each of the tripping speeds entered in the hydraulics section of the Engineering Tab.

The Y axis corresponds to the bit depth (bottom of the assembly being run) regardless of what has been selected as the reference point. The results, however, display the calculated values at the reference point based on the bit position. So if for example you have the reference point selected as the bottom of the hole, when you look at the chart, it will be displaying the surge and swab pressures at the bottom of the hole, when the bit is at any given depth.

The reference point is selected in the hydraulics section of the Engineering Tab and is displayed at the top of the chart.

4.9.2 – Hole Cleaning Charts

There are 4 plots within the hydraulics module dedicated to hole cleaning.

4.9.2.1 - Annular Velocity Profile Chart

Flow rate is the dominant factor in cuttings removal while drilling directional wells. An increase in flow rate will result in more efficient cuttings removal under all conditions. However, how high a flow rate can be increased may be limited by:

• The maximum allowed ECD

• The susceptibility of the open hole section to hydraulic erosion

• The availability of rig hydraulic power

This is a snapshot chart and shows the Annular Velocity at all different points in the wellbore when the assembly is at a given depth for various different flow rates.

4.9.2.2 - Carrying Capacity Index (CCI) Chart

CCI (Cutting Carrying Index) is a measure of how clean a vertical (0-35° inc) well is.

• 0.5 or less and hole cleaning is poor & problems may be seen

• Greater than or equal to 1.0 indicates good hole cleaning

Annular Velocity and Mud weight (along with PV & YP values) are used in this calculation. The higher the annular velocity, the higher the CCI.

For sections of the wellbore where the inclination is greater than 35°, hole cleaning should be evaluated using the Cuttings % Chart.

This is a snapshot chart and shows the CCI at all different points in the wellbore when the assembly is at a given depth for various flow rates.

4.9.2.3 - Cuttings % Chart

The Cuttings % plot represents the percentage of the annulus which is taken up with cuttings. Anything above 5% should be considered a problem.

Unlike the CCI plot, this measure of hole cleaning is not limited by inclination and can be used for any well profile. This calculation is also affected by ROP and RPM. Increased ROP, increases the cuttings %.

This is a snapshot chart and shows the Cuttings % at all different points in the wellbore when the assembly is at a given depth for a given ROP at various flow rates.

4.9.2.4 - Minimum Flowrate Chart

The minimum flow rate plot is a snapshot chart which shows the minimum flow required to keep the hole clean at all points in the wellbore for a range of ROPs at a certain depth.

The ROP value selected in the hydraulics setup (e.g. 10m/hr) will be used as the lowest ROP and 4 additional ROP values will be displayed which are automatically generated by the program and are pre-set percentages of the original (125%, 150%, 200% & 250%). These percentages are built into the program and are not adjustable by the user.

To interpret the plot, the user needs to find the largest flow rate for any one ROP and that will be the minimum flow that is required at that depth to keep the hole clean. This can be done by using the Screen Reader or the data table.

4.9.3 – Pump Pressure Data

This option opens a data table, which contains all the data used to plot the Pump Pressure Chart.

4.9.4 – ECD Data

This option opens a data table, which contains all the data used to plot the ECD Chart.

4.9.5 – Surge and Swab Data

This option opens a data table, which contains all the data used to plot the Surge and Swab Chart.

4.9.6 – Minimum Flowrate Data

This option opens a data table, which contains all the data used to plot the Minimum Flowrate Chart.

4.9.7 – Survey Data

This option opens the survey data table, which displays either the Actual Surveys or the Well Plan surveys. The survey displayed is based on the selection made in the Engineering Parameters Tab.

This option will be greyed out and unavailable to select unless the user is in the surveys tab and has either the Actual Surveys or Well plan Surveys selected.
If any tortuosity has been added to the survey or plan, this will be included in the survey data table.

4.9.8 – Hydraulics Summary

This option prints off a PDF format Hydraulics Summary. The Hydraulics Summary is a report with the following sections automatically chosen by Engineering:

Project Details
Drilling Parameters
Hydraulics Model Settings
Surface System Parameters
Cuttings Details
Fluid Details and Mud Rheology
Wellbore Geometry
Pressure loss details at the flow rate selected in the Hydraulics Results window.
Hydraulics Summary for all flow rates
Drill String Summary
Hydraulics Snapshot at the flow rate selected in the Hydraulics Results window.
Pump Pressure Chart
ECD Chart

Allows the user to select and view the results from the torque and drag module in either tabular or graphical form. It is important to note here that in order to view the results, the torque and drag calculation must have first been run via either the Calculate menu or the shortcut on the toolbar. If the user selects any of these options and the calculations have not been run, they will get an error message.

4.10.1 – Drilling Charts

Drilling charts display the values expected at surface when the assembly is at any given depth.

4.10.1.1 – Hookload Chart

This chart displays the calculated hookload values for tripping in, Rotating off Bottom and tripping out. It also includes the Reaming In and Out hookloads.

For each operation, there will be a line represented for each set of friction factors entered in the Engineering Parameters tab, with the exception of the Rotating off Bottom line, of which there will only ever be one.

The minimum weight to helically buckle (trip In) will also be displayed on this chart. Any tripping in line which crosses this limit will start to experience buckling in the string. At this point it may be difficult to effectively transfer weight down hole and the string may need to be rotated in order to get to bottom. From the chart, you can tell the string depth and hookload when the buckling will occur, but you will not be able to determine where in the string the buckling is occurring.

4.10.1.2 – Torque Chart

This chart displays the On and Off Bottom torques. For each operation, there will be a line represented for each set of friction factors entered in the Engineering Parameters tab.

4.10.1.3 – Reaming Hookload Chart

This chart is the same as the hookload chart, with the exception that it only displays the Reaming In and Reaming Out hookloads.

4.10.1.4 – Reaming Torque Chart

This chart is the same as the Torque chart, with the exception that it is the reaming torques which are plotted. These torques are calculated based on the RPM and Pipe Speed values entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

4.10.1.5 – Pipe Stretch Chart

This chart displays the amount of pipe elongation the user would see when picking up, for each of the friction factors entered in the Engineering Parameters tab.

4.10.1.6 – Pipe Twist Chart

This chart displays the number of completed revolutions that the rotary table must be turned in order to turn the bit. A line will be represented for each of the friction factors entered in the Engineering Parameters tab.

4.10.1.7 – Apparent WOB Chart

This chart displays the apparent weight on bit (WOB) required at any given depth to achieve a user defined Actual WOB. The actual WOB value used is the WOB value entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

To read the chart the user should select the measured depth of interest and note the apparent WOB for each of the friction factors at that depth. These are the WOB values the user will need to register at surface in order to achieve the desired actual WOB down hole at the bit. Note that if no WOB value is entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab, then this will model as a vertical line.

4.10.1.8 – Apparent OP Chart

This chart displays the apparent Overpull (OP) required at any given depth to achieve a user defined Actual OP. The actual OP value used is the OP value entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

To read the chart the user should select the measured depth of interest and note the apparent OP for each of the friction factors at that depth. These are the OP values the user will need to register at surface in order to achieve the desired actual OP down hole at the bit. Note that if no overpull value is entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab, then this will model as a vertical line.

4.10.1.9 – Expandable Liners Chart

This chart displays the hookload expected at surface during expandable liner operations. The Pull to Yield HL value is the hookload at surface required to pass the axial yield of the weakest component in the string at that depth. The Max Pull @ Bottom value is the force on the tool whilst pulling the max allowable hookload at that depth.

The Liner SO and Liner PU show the hookload expected at surface when running in or picking up with both the liner and the inner string. The Inner String SO and Inner String PU show the hookload expected at surface when running in or picking up with just the inner string.

The Nominal Expansion HL is the expected hookload seen at surface to expand the liner using overpull. The Nominal Expansion Force is the force needed at the tool to expand the liner. This is an input an is set using the Overpull in the Engineering Parameters.

4.10.2 – Snapshot Charts

Snapshot charts display the values at each point in the string when the assembly is at a specific depth. Unlike drilling charts which can be used over the entire depth range of the well, snapshot charts are only relevant to one specific depth.

4.10.2.1 – Off Bottom Tension Chart

This chart displays the effective tension at all points in the string when the string is at a specific depth. This depth is displayed at the top of the chart and is the calc depth entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

The chart displays the following lines:

Rotating off Bottom
Sinusoidal Buckling – Any load line which crosses this buckling line will be representative of Sinusoidal buckling. The depth at which the line crosses will also represent the component in the string which is experiencing the buckling.
Helical Buckling – Any load line which crosses this buckling line will be representative of Helical buckling. The depth at which the line crosses will also represent the component in the string which is experiencing the buckling.
PU – A Pickup line will be represented for each of the entered friction factors.
SO – A Slack Off line will be represented for each of the entered friction factors.
Tensile Limit – The tensile limit will be displayed based on the tensile limits entered in the component details section for each individual component.
String Tension with Overpull – This line is generated based on the overpull entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

4.10.2.2 – On Bottom Tension Chart

This chart displays the effective tension at all points in the string when the string is at a specific depth with a specific WOB. The depth and WOB are displayed at the top of the chart with these values having been entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

The chart displays the following lines:

Rotating off Bottom
Sinusoidal Buckling – Any load line which crosses this buckling line will be representative of Sinusoidal buckling. The depth at which the line crosses will also represent the component in the string which is experiencing the buckling.
Helical Buckling – Any load line which crosses this buckling line will be representative of Helical buckling. The depth at which the line crosses will also represent the component in the string which is experiencing the buckling.
PU – A Pickup line will be represented for each of the entered friction factors.
Sliding – A Sliding line will be represented for each of the entered friction factors.
Tensile Limit – The tensile limit will be displayed based on the tensile limits entered in the component details section for each individual component.

4.10.2.3 – Torque Chart

This chart displays the torque at all points in the string when the string is at a specific depth. This depth is displayed at the top of the chart and is the calc depth entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab. For each operation, there will be a line represented for each set of friction factors entered.

4.10.2.4 – Side Force Chart

This chart displays the side force at all points in the string when the string is at a specific depth. This depth is displayed at the top of the chart and is the calc depth entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

The chart displays the rotating side force along with the pickup and slack off side forces for each set of friction factors entered.

4.10.2.5 – Apparent WOB Chart

This chart plots the actual WOB against the apparent WOB when the string is at a specific depth. This depth is displayed at the top of the chart and is the calc depth entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

To use this chart, the user should select the actual WOB they require downhole, and the corresponding apparent WOB is the weight that will be required at surface to achieve this.

4.10.2.6 – Apparent OP Chart

This chart plots the actual overpull against the apparent overpull when the string is at a specific depth. This depth is displayed at the top of the chart and is the calc depth entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

To use this chart, the user should select the actual overpull they require downhole, and the corresponding apparent overpull is the overpull that will be required at surface to achieve this.

4.10.2.7 – Casing Wear Chart

This chart shows the predicted cumulative wear at each point in the casing when the assembly is at a specific depth. This depth is displayed at the top of the chart and is the calc depth entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

The casing wear is expressed as depth in ether inches or mm depending on what units are selected for Diameter. The depth of wear indicates depth of the groove which will be worn in to the side of the casing over a period of time.

Casing Wear Rotating: This is the predicted wear on the casing when the string has 0 ROP. This calculation uses the rotating side force.
Casing Wear SO: This is the predicted casing wear calculated using the reaming slack off. This calculation uses the slack off side force.

4.10.2.8 – Drill Pipe Fatigue Chart

Drill string fatigue will only occur while rotating and only while rotating over a dogleg. The more tension within the pipe the more likely it is to get fatigued. There is a critical value of dogleg where fatigue failure becomes an issue.

The Drill Pipe Fatigue Chart, is a snapshot chart which displays the actual dogleg and the critical dogleg at every point in the string for a given depth. If the actual dogleg is greater than the critical dogleg then fatigue failure is a potential issue.

The critical dogleg curve is generated based on the free rotating weight of the drilling assembly. One point to note is that back reaming will increase the tension and therefore reduce the critical rotating dogleg; however, this has not been included in the chart because back reaming operations do not generally last too long.

4.10.2.9 – Pressure Data Chart

This chart shows the Internal and External pressure at each point in the string for a given flowrate, when the assembly is at a specific depth. This depth is displayed at the top of the chart and is the calc depth entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

In the flow rate section, if manual flow increment is selected, the first flow rate entered will be used for generating the outputs for this chart. If the automatic range is selected, the flow rate entered in line 3 will be used.

4.10.2.10 – Casing Standoff Chart

The casing standoff chart is a snapshot chart which provides outputs for each point in the string from surface to the calculated depth.

Without Optimised Standoff

If Optimise Standoff has NOT been selected when the torque and drag calculation is run, the standoff chart will include the following:

Inc: Inclination
Cent OD: Centralizer Outside Diameter
Deflection Mid Joint: Deflection of the casing between 2 centralizers.
Deflection Centralizer: Deflection of casing at the centralizer.
Standoff Mid Joint: This is calculated as follows
- (1 – (Deflection Mid Joint / ((Hole ID – Casing OD)/2))) * 100. It is effectively the percentage deflection from well bore centre. If the casing is centralised perfectly the standoff is 100%
Standoff Centralizer: The Percentage Standoff at the Centralizer. This is calculated as follows
- (1 – (Deflection Centralizer / ((Hole ID – Casing OD)/2))) * 100
Cent Spacing: The centralizer spacing as entered by the user in the component details section of the drill string editor (This line will NOT be present if Optimise Standoff is selected in the Torque and Drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab on the main user interface).
Restoring Force: The restoring force of the bow spring centralizer which has been entered in the component details section of the drill string tab.
Running Force: The running force of the bow spring centralizer which has been entered in the component details section of the drill string tab.
Side Force: The side force exerted on the casing.

With Optimised Standoff

If Optimise Standoff has been selected, when the torque and drag calculation is run, the standoff chart will have the addition of an Optimum Spacing line, and the Centralizer Spacing line becomes the Recommended Spacing line.

Rec Spacing: Recommended Spacing, calculated based on the Optimise standoff value (This line will NOT be present if Optimise Standoff is not selected)
Opt Spacing: This is the optimum spacing which applies the maximum step value to the Recommended Spacing (This line will NOT be present if Optimise Standoff is not selected).

All the other lines described in the above (Without Optimised Standoff) section, are also available to be displayed in this chart if required.

4.10.3 – Drilling Data

This section has the same options available as there are in the above Drilling Charts option, only instead of opening the charts, this option will open the data table, which contains all the data used to plot the charts.

4.10.4 – Snapshot Data

This section has the same options available as there are in the above Snapshot Charts option, only instead of opening the charts, this option will open the data table, which contains all of the data used to plot the charts.

4.10.5 – Survey Data

This option opens the survey data table, which displays either the Actual Surveys or the Well Plan surveys. The survey displayed is based on the selection made in the Engineering Parameters Tab.

This option will be greyed out and unavailable to select unless the user is in the surveys tab and has either the Actual Surveys or Well plan Surveys selected.
If any tortuosity has been added to the survey or plan, this will be included in the survey data table.

4.10.6 – Stress Data

This table displays the stress data at all points in the drill string, when the string is at a specific depth, and covers the following operations:

Rotating Off Bottom
Rotating On Bottom
Sliding
Picking Up
Slacking Off
Reaming Pickup
Reaming Slackoff

The following stresses are included in the output:

Hoop Stress due to internal and external pressure
Radial Stress due to internal and external pressure
Torsional Stress from twist
Shear Stress from contact
Axial Stress due to hydrostatic and mechanical loading
Buckling Stress due to buckling
Bending Stress approximated from wellbore curvature
Von Mises Stress – Tri-axial combination of the component stresses

Once the user has selected the relevant operation from the dropdown menu, they can select the View Chart option, which opens a stress data chart with all of the data from the table plotted.

4.10.7 – TAD Summary

This option prints off a PDF format Torque and Drag Summary. The Torque and Drag Summary is a report with the following sections automatically chosen by Engineering:

Project Details
Torque and Drag Model settings
Tortuosity settings
Wellbore Geometry
Drilling Parameters
Tripping Parameters
Surface Parameters
Fluid Details
Torque and Drag results summary for different operations.
Drill String Summary
Drillers Hookload Chart
Drillers Torque Chart

4.10.8 – Standoff summary

This option prints off a PDF format Standoff Summary report, which includes:

Project Details
Wellbore Geometry
Fluid Details
Stand Off Optimization settings
Centralizer Spacing Summary
Drill string Summary
Centralizer Stand-Off results
Standoff chart
Side forces / centralizer forces chart
Hookload chart

Access the interactive help file, software version information and the current license information. See appendix for detailed information about program licensing. The user can also access screen resolution information from here.

Help: Opens the Innova Engineering help file.

About: Displays program version information.

Open documentation folder: Opens the Manuals folder in the Innova Engineering directory. The Manuals folder contains this manual as well as several example guides on the following subjects:

BHA Analysis
Hydraulics
Magnetic Interference
Riserless Hydraulics
Short Collar Correction
Survey Importing
Torque and Drag

Open project folder: Opens the folder containing the currently opened Engineering project.

Check for update: Opens the Innova website where update versions of the software can be downloaded (https://www.innova-drilling.com/download-trial-software/)

Tutorial videos: Opens the Innova Drilling & Intervention YouTube channel, which contains many useful tutorial videos for both Well Seeker Pro and Innova Engineering.

License Info: Opens the License Details dialog. See Appendix A – Software Licensing.

Screen Info: Displays information regarding the screen being used to view Innova Engineering.

5.0 - Toolbars

The main tool bar allows a quick alternative method to access functions and options available in the menus. The following toolbar icons will be displayed when using a high resolution screen.

The main tool bar allows a quick alternative method to access functions and options available in the menus. The following toolbar icons will be displayed when using a standard resolution screen.

6.0 – Drill String, Well Geometry and Fluids Tab

6.1 – Project Name and Description

The project name and the project description can be entered in the edit boxes at the top of the main dialog. These are used in Chart titles and on the Reports

6.2 – Drill string & component grid

This grid allows the user to enter the details of the drill string, which is used in all calculation modules. Different types of assembly can be modelled, and data entry is identical for each.

New lines can be added to the grid by clicking on the insert above and below buttons at the bottom of the grid or by pressing the space bar. The insert functions can also be accessed from the context menu by right clicking on the grid. Components can also be moved up and down unless the component is the bit. Rows can be deleted by clicking the delete button or by pressing the backspace key. Multiple rows can be deleted by highlighting multiple rows and pressing the delete button.

Data can be copied and pasted into the grid by using the standard copy and paste methods from the clipboard.

The length of the last component does not have to be specified exactly and the program adjusts its length depending on the calculation depth. If for instance the last item in the BHA is drill pipe just enter 9.9 for its length regardless of the actual length.

The following describes what the various columns in the grid do.

Description: A description of the component entered, this is only used in the generation of reports and plays no part in any of the calculations

OD: The outer diameter of the component in inches

ID: The inside diameter of the component in inches

TJ OD: If the component has a tool joint (such as drill pipe) enter the OD in inches in to this column. If the “Include TJ in calculations” menu option is turned off this column will be disabled.

TJ ID: If the component has a tool joint (such as drill pipe) enter the ID in inches in to this column. If the “Include TJ in calculations” menu option is turned off this column will be disabled.

Weight: This is the weight per unit length of the component, this is either calculated automatically based on the OD / ID of the component or can be entered manually by the user if the “Auto Calculate Weight” option is turned off. This is used for torque and drag calculations as well as SAG calculations.

Component: Select the component type from the drop-down list. The type of component that is selected will determine the properties displayed in the lower components grid. The following is a list of the components available, and a description of their properties can be viewed in Appendix E - Component Details.

Bit
Hole Opener / Under Reamer
Circ Sub
Cross Over (X/O)
RSS – Rotary Steerable system
MWD / LWD
Motor
Turbine
Stabiliser
Drill Collar
Drill Pipe / HWDP
Jar
Accelerator
Sub
Liner
Casing / Tubing
Agitator
Reamer

Length: The length of the component in the system units

Total lengths: The cumulative length of the drill string components up to that point. This is automatically calculated.

Non-Magnetic: Is the component steel of non-mag material. This is used for the magnetic interference calculations.

6.3 – Well Geometry

This section allows the user to define the well construction. The section type is selected from the combo box in the type column and the depth is entered in the MD column. The TVD is interpolated from the actual survey listing and if the depth cannot be found the well plan listing is searched. If no survey data has been entered the cell will remain blank. The TVD is not used in any of the calculations and is just displayed for reference.

The ID of the section in inches is entered in the ID column, and the OD is entered in the OD column. ID and OD’s must get progressively smaller and MDs must get progressively deeper. When Open Hole is selected, the OD cell will automatically populate with the same value entered in the ID cell.

Rows can be inserted using the buttons or the context menu. Backspace and the spacebar keys delete and insert rows respectively. A list of the hole section types can be found below.

Open Hole – This must always be the last item in the geometry list
Casing – Casing can be positioned below a riser, open water, or an air gap but must be above a liner or open hole. Multiple casing sections can be added to represent a tapered casing string.
Liner – Must be positioned below casing and above open hole
Air Gap – Must be the first item entered and if this is detected, riserless drilling mode is enabled. The next item must be open water
Open Water – Must be below air gap and the second item, used for riserless drilling mode
Riser – must be the first item entered

6.4 – Fluid Properties

This section of the main tab allows all the mud properties to be specified. The mud properties are used for all calculation modules.

Mud weight – Mud density in the units specified
PV – Mud plastic viscosity. Only used if Bingham plastic hydraulics model is selected
YP – Mud yield point. Only used if Bingham Plastic hydraulics model is selected
Cuttings Density – The density of the cuttings in the mud units specified, used in the hole cleaning calculations of the hydraulics module. Default is 21.7ppg
Cuttings Diameter – Diameter of the cuttings in inches used for the hole cleaning calculations in the hydraulics module. Default is 0.125 inches
Cuttings Thickness – Thickness of the cuttings in inches used for the hole cleaning calculations in the hydraulics module. Default is 0.125 inches
Mud Rheology – The Fann dial readings of the drilling fluid, used for all hydraulics models except Bingham Plastic. Included in the rheology section are the N and k values, which represent the Flow Index (N) and the Consistency Index (k). These cells are populated automatically based on the input PV & YP values. If no PV & YP values are input, the 600 & 300 values are used to generate the values in these cells.
Additional fluids – Allows the user to simulate pumping pills and sweeps. Enter the volume and the density of the fluid and this will be included in the hydraulics calculation. The program effectively calculates a new mud weight for running the calculations based on the additional fluid being added to the system. Multiple fluids can be entered. The cementing module provides more detailed outputs for users interested in modelling pills and sweeps.
Add Fluid – This radio button adds the populated fluid properties data into a “New Fluid” line in the Fluid Library. When selected, this will open the Fluid Library dialogue and the user can then rename the fluid appropriately and where required add additional information.
Calculate N & K – Allows the user to manually enter the N & k values. This overrides any PV, YP and Rheology data entered.
Fluid Library – This radio button opens the fluid library

The fluid library comes with the above fluids as part of the install. These basic fluids can be edited or deleted and there is no limit to the number of new fluids which can be added. Any fluid from the library can be assigned by selecting it from the drop-down menu in the fluid properties dialogue.

New fluids are saved to a file located in the Engineering folder called Def_fluids.txt. It should be noted that this file will be overwritten if the program is reinstalled for any reason, so if the user has a large fluids library, this should be backed up before removing and reinstalling the software.

10 Sec Gel – 10 Sec Gel strength of the fluid. Not used in any calculations.
10 Min Gel – 10 minute Gel strength of the fluid. Not used in any calculations.
Vis – Viscosity of the fluid. Not used in any calculations.
Temp – Temperature of the fluid. Not used in any calculations.
Add New – Creates a blank row allowing the user to add a new fluid
Edit – Allows the user to edit which ever fluid they have selected
Apply – Saves any changes made
Reset to Default – Resets the Library back to its default values. This will delete any new fluids added since the initial install.
Delete – Deletes whichever fluid is selected
Shear Stress vs Shear Rate Chart – This chart plots the selected fluids 3, 6, 100, 200, 300 and 600 rpm viscometer readings and presents it alongside the Bingham, Power Law, Herschel Bulkley and Robertson Stiff model lines. This can be used as a guide for selecting the best hydraulic model for a specific fluid.

6.5 – Well Schematic

The well Schematic gives a visual representation of information populated in the Well Geometry section of the main tab. If the user is viewing the program on a large enough screen, this schematic can be found at the right-hand side regardless of which tab is being viewed.

If the program is being viewed on a smaller screen e.g. on a laptop, to maximise space, the schematic will be hidden. It can be viewed at any time though by selecting Tools – Well Schematic from the top menu.

7.0 - Surveys Tab

7.1 – Vertical section

This part of the tab allows the user to specify how the vertical section is calculated. The vertical section is displayed on the Section View Plot, so changing these parameters will change how the surveys are displayed. Parameters in this section have no effect on any calculation module.

Vertical Section azimuth – The azimuth of the vertical section in degrees
Origin NS – The origin NS where the vertical section is calculated from in local co-ordinates. This value is usually zero if the vertical section is calculated from the well head location.
Origin EW - The origin EW where the vertical section is calculated from in local co-ordinates. This value is usually zero if the vertical section is calculated from the well head location.

7.2 – Survey Selection

This section defines which surveys are being displayed in the survey grid. There are three options:

Actual surveys – Usually surveys taken while drilling
Well Plan – Plan or surveys used when the well was in the planning stage
Raw surveys – Raw MWD surveys, this page is used for survey corrections such as MSA, SCC and SAG

Note that when modelling a well where only one survey listing or plan is present, it does not matter if the surveys are entered in well plan or actual.

7.3 – Raw Survey Data

The data in this section is used for the Short Collar Correction (SCC) and Multi-Station Analysis (MSA) modules and the well path magnetics calculations. The data in this section only affects surveys in the raw survey grid.

Latitude - Required to calculate the SCC Delta Azi in the Magnetic Spacing Calculator
HL Ref – The reference magnetic field strength in micro Tesla (µT). This is used for the SCC, MSA and magnetic spacing calculations. This value is usually obtained from the well planning department and a program such as IGRF, BGGM or HDGM.
Dip Ref – The reference magnetic dip angle. This is used for the SCC, MSA and magnetic spacing calculations. This value is obtained from the well planning department and a program such as IGRF, BGGM or HDGM.
TAC – Total Applied Correction. This is the correction applied to raw survey azimuths and is calculated automatically, depending on the north reference and the value of grid convergence and magnetic declination.
Grid – Grid Convergence. This value comes from a well planning package and is the angle between True North and Grid North from True North. Note this is the inverse of Grid correction. The two should not be confused.
Dec – Magnetic declination. This is angle from True North to Magnetic North from True North and is used to calculate the TAC and the magnetic azimuth for magnetic interference calculations. This comes from a package such as IGRF or BGGM.
North – The north reference the surveys are referenced to. Either true or grid.
Inclination to use – This is the inclination used by the program to calculate the TVD, NS, EW, VS, TF, DLS, BR & TR values. The user can choose between Sag Corrected and Raw. This option only affects the raw surveys.

7.4 – Survey Corrections

This section defines parameters for the SAG correction module and the well path magnetic interference module.

Offset – The distance from the bit to the MWD directional sensor. This is used for well path magnetic interference calculations and SAG calculations.
Inc Start – If inclination range is specified in the Calc. type combo this is the 1st inclination value to be calculated.
Inc Stop - – If inclination range is specified in the Calc. type combo this is the last inclination value to be calculated.
Inc Step – This is the step value used for the inclination range calculation
DLS – The hole curvature used for single and inclination range calculations
Inc – The inclination use for single calculation
Calc Type –
- Single – Calculates SAG & BHA Analysis for a single inclination
- Inc Range – Calculates SAG & BHA Analysis for a range of surveys specified by inc start, stop and step
- Surveys – Calculates SAG & BHA Analysis for the survey grid selected, curvature is derived from the surveys themselves. If the raw survey grid is selected the corrected inclinations will be displayed in the grid as well as the delta inc.

7.5 – Main Survey Grid

The main survey grid is where all the actual survey data is entered. The survey grid has the same grid controls as all other grids in Innova engineering, with insert delete and copy and paste functions. Surveys can be entered in a number of ways:

Manually typing in each survey line by line
Importing surveys from an existing file using the survey import tool
Copy and pasting data from the clipboard

Depending on the survey selection the survey grid will display different information. If raw surveys are selected and a valid Ref HL and Ref Dip are entered the short collar correction algorithm will automatically run and update every time a change is made to the grid or ref HL and Dip. Surveys which fall out with the QC limits specified will be highlighted in red.

7.5.1 - Tortuosity

This option is only available for Actual and Well Plan surveys and cannot be used with raw surveys. In some situations, it may be necessary to add tortuosity to a well plan or survey to better simulate real life conditions. Well plans which contain purely vertical sections are a typical example of this.

Tortuosity can be applied to the whole wellbore or to one specific section.

Apply Tortuosity – Select this box to enable the tortuosity options
Sinusoidal – Tortuosity will be applied in the form of a sine wave. The inclination and azimuth vary by an amount equal to: A sin(2π*(∆MD/T)). The maximum dogleg variation is 4A/T
Random – The inclination and azimuth vary independently in the range ±A every depth interval T. The maximum dogleg variation is 2A/T.
Depth Range – Select this box to enable the Depth Range options. If this is not selected, tortuosity will be applied to the whole survey or plan.
Period Length – The length of one cycle of the curve.
Start Depth – First depth at which Tortuosity will be applied.
End Depth – Last depth at which Tortuosity will be applied.

7.5.2 – Calculated Survey Data

This option is only available for Actual and Well Plan surveys and cannot be used with raw surveys. This section gives a breakdown of the selected surveys every 10ft or meters, and is a representation of the survey data used in the calculations. If tortuosity has been added to the selected survey, then it will be included in this listing.

7.5.3 – MSA

This radio button opens the Multi-Station Analysis dialogue. This is discussed in more detail in Section 4.5.10 - Multi Station Analysis.

8.0 – Engineering Parameters Tab

8.1 – Hydraulics module parameters

This section allows the parameters for the hydraulics module to be specified.

Hydraulics Model – four models are included as standard
- Bingham Plastic
- Power Law
- Herschel Bulkley
- Robertson Stiff
- Bingham plastic uses PV and YP and mud weight, all other models use the fann readings and mud weight.
Surge / Swab – Specifies if the surge and swab calculation to be carried out is Open or Close Ended. If modelling for a casing or liner assembly and close ended is used, the pressure loss through the float / shoe is taken into account
Surge / Swab Reference – This is the reference point for the surge / swab calculation. Select common references from the combo box:
- Bit – Bit depth
- Shoe –Shoe depth, taken from the well geometry dialogue in the drill string tab
- Bottom Hole – Bottom hole depth, taken from the well geometry dialogue in the drill string tab
- Or click on the check box to enable a User Defined Depth.
User defined depth – Only active if the enable check box has been ticked. This will disable the surge / swab reference combo above and the surge and swab reference depth can be entered in the edit box.
ROP – Rate of penetration. This is used to calculate the cuttings loaded (Dirty) ECD’s and other hole cleaning parameters
RPM – The rotational speed of the drill string. Additional pressure will be added based on the RPM
ECD Adj – ECD adjustment is manual adjustment to all the ECD curves to better match the model with MWD PWD data.
SW Den – Sea water density, which is used for riserless drilling calculations. Default is 8.55ppg.
Surface Pressure Losses – The pressure loss through the surface equipment. This value is added to the total standpipe pressure calculated by the model.
Calc Depth – This is the depth at which the calculation will be run and the depth at which snap shot calculations will be performed. This depth must be within the range of the surveys for a directional well.

8.2 – Flow Rates

This grid allows the flow rates for the hydraulics model to be entered. By default, the manual flow increment box is unchecked, and the user enters a flow rate in the middle cell of the grid. The software then automatically calculates flow rates above and below this base rate (±25% & 50%) with which to perform a sensitivity analysis. If you wish to override the automatic values generated, click the enable manual flow increment check box. This will leave the user with a single line and once filled a new line will be added. An unlimited number of flowrates can be entered.

For torque and drag calculations, if a flow rate has been entered, Engineering will use this in the calculations. If manual flow increment is selected, the first flow rate entered will be used in the T&D calculations. If the automatic range is selected, the flow rate entered in line 3 will be used.

8.3 - Tripping speeds

This grid allows the tripping speeds for the hydraulics model to be entered. By default, the manual tripping increment box is unchecked, and the user enters a tripping speed in the middle cell of the grid. The software then automatically calculates tripping speeds above and below this base rate (±25% & 50%) with which to perform a sensitivity analysis. If you wish to override the automatic values generated, click the enable manual trip increment check box. This will leave the user with a single line and once filled a new line will be added. An unlimited number of trip speeds can be entered but the first trip speed entered will be used for the reports.

8.4 – Survey Selection

The survey selection box is used for both the hydraulics and torque and drag module. It allows the user to select which survey listing is to be used for the calculation.

Actual surveys – Use actual survey grid
Well Plan – Use well plan grid
Composite – Splice the actual surveys into the well plan surveys to create a composite listing. The surveys will be used from surface, and the plan will tie-onto the last survey station.

8.5 – Torque and Drag parameters

This section allows the parameters of the torque and drag model to be defined:

Calc Depth – This is the depth at which the calculation will be run and also the depth the snapshot graphs and tables will display
RPM – Rotational speed of the drill string, used to calculated reaming torques and hook loads
Pipe speed – The speed the pipe is moving up and down in depth units / min. Used to calculate reaming hook loads and torques. It is also used to calculate the viscous drag if selected
WOB – The weight on bit while Rotary drilling
WOB Slide– The weight on bit while Slide drilling. If the check box is not selected, this will auto populate with the value in the WOB cell.
Overpull - The overpull applied to the assembly when pulling out of hole. Used for creating the Apparent Overpull & Apparent Overpull Snapshot Charts
Block weight – The weight of the travelling block
Block PU – If the weight of the travelling block is different to the block weight while picking up, enter it here. Click the check box to enable
Block SO - If the weight of the travelling block is different to the block weight while slacking off, enter it here. Click the check box to enable
Optimise Standoff – Used in the casing standoff calculation. This will override the centralizer spacing selected in casing component details, and output the spacing required to achieve the desired standoff.
Bit Torque – The estimated torque generated by the bit. This is calculated from the WOB and the bit OD (taken from the drill string), however it can be over-ridden with a user defined value by clicking the check box.
Side force units – Specifies the unit length of the calculated side force. It should be noted that if you are using side force to predict casing wear, the default units should be over ridden to side force / per tool joint (ie. 30ft or 10m).
Casing Wear Factor – Casing wear factor, defined as the ratio of friction factor to specific energy, E-10psi-1. The table below should be used as guide for casing wear factor selection. Default is 1.

ROP – The rate of penetration in feet or meters / hour. The ROP is used to calculate the casing wear. This is done by taking the depth of the last casing or liner and subtracting it from the calculation depth. This value is then divided by the ROP to give the time over which casing wear is calculated.

Friction factor grid – The friction factors for cased hole and open hole. By default, the enable manual increment box is disabled. If this is the case, enter a friction factor for the cased hole and open hole in the middle cells of each column and values above and below will automatically be calculated (±25% &±50%) in order to perform a sensitivity analysis. If you wish to override this feature, click the check box and enter as many friction factors as required. This can also be used to perform a single friction factor calculation.

8.6 – Hydraulics Results

This section displays the results from the hydraulics module once the hydraulics have been calculated. The grid in the top left displays the pressure loss for the bit and any other pressure losses from specific tools in the drill string such as MWD and motors. The grid at the top right displays a summary of the stand pipe pressures, annular pressure loss and ECD’s for all the flow rates selected.

The bottom grid gives an overview of the pressure losses and flow regime in each pipe section and each hole section. The results for different flow rates can be viewed by selecting them from the “Flow” combo box at the top of the section. The overview grid results can be viewed for different depths by clicking on the spin button to the right of the flow combo box.

8.7 – Torque and Drag Results

A summary of the torque and drag results are displayed in the grids once the torque and drag has been calculated. Only hook loads and torques are displayed. Full results can be obtained by viewing the data tables from the TAD results menu.

9.0 – Drilling Data Tab

Drilling parameters collected from the well site can be entered into this grid. These values can be used when running the calculations by selecting “Include Drilling Data in Calculation” from the Options menu.

Columns not in use can be hidden via the options menu and data entered can also be overlaid with modelled data by clicking on the Add Series Button while viewing the relevant chart.

10.0 - Cementing Tab

10.1 – Volumes

This section displays the various volumes, capacities and displacements of the drill string and the annulus.

The top of this section details the different capacities of the drill string components. These components are taken directly from the drill string entered in the drill string tab, and the capacities are automatically calculated based on the dimensions (OD & ID) associated with these components. The annular capacities are detailed for the components, based on each of the lines entered in the Well Geometry section of the drill string tab. NOTE: A String Depth MUST be entered for this section to display correctly.

The middle part of this section shows the various capacities, volumes and displacements for the well. NOTE: A String Depth MUST be entered for this section to display correctly.

The lower part of this section is the most important as the inputs here affect the entire cementing calculations.

String Depth: Depth of the string when performing the cement job. The calculation will not run without a value entered here.
Displacement Type: Select Open Ended or Close Ended. This affects the Displacement and Total Displacement calculated values.
Flow Rate: Flow rate of cement job. This is used to calculate the Top Down, Bottoms Up and Full Circulation values. This input is not required to run the cementing calculation, as the pump rate for this is entered in the pumping schedule section.
Pump Output: Volume pumped per stroke. Pump efficiency should be factored into this input i.e. if the book output is 0.1bbl/stroke and the pump is 95% efficient, then output should be entered as 0.095bbl/stroke. This input is essential as it is required for calculating the number of strokes in the Pumping Schedule section.
Stroke Rate: This cell auto calculates based on the values entered for flow rate and pump output.
Hydraulics Model: Select from Bingham, Power Law, Herschel Bulkley or Robertson Stiff. This affects the calculated Annular Pressure, Pump Pressure and ECD values in the Cementing Results dialog.

10.2 - Cement Volumes

This section allows the user to quickly calculate the volumes required for the cementing operation.

Row 1 should contain the first fluid to be pumped and the user can enter the required top, and the bottom will be automatically populated. The top and bottom depths of the fluid represent where they will be in the Annulus at the end of the cementing operations. The user can then enter as many additional lines as required. It should be noted that the bottom depth of the fluid in the last row will always be equal to the String Depth value input in the Volumes section.

The user can also enter the desired excess and the volume column will update automatically to reflect this excess percentage.

10.3 - Pumping Schedule

Once the Cement Volumes and Cement Job Calculation sections have been input, the user can select Create, which will populate the Pumping Schedule table, with the description and calculated volumes from the Cement Volumes section. Note that this also takes into account the data input in the Cement Job Calculation section. It is also possible to complete this section manually.

If the Include Spacer box is checked and then Create is selected, row one of the table will be created for a spacer, but the volume cell will need to be populated manually by the user. If the user has included a spacer in the cement volumes section, then the include spacer box should not be checked.

The Use Rheometer Readings check box toggles the Pumping Schedule table between PV, YP and 600 – 3 rpm dial reading inputs.

The user should fill in the Description, Volume, Wt, Pump Rate, and rheology values for each row. These inputs affect the calculated Annular Pressure, Pump Pressure and ECD values in the Cementing Results dialog.

10.4 - Cement Job Calculation

For conventional cement jobs the user should enter the Shoe – Float Distance. The shoe track capacity will be automatically calculated.

If cementing with a stinger, the user should check the Cementing with inner string box and enter the Description, OD, ID and Length of the stinger string. The capacity and total capacity of the inner string will be automatically calculated.

Once the cementing tab has been completed, selecting Calculate opens the Cementing Results Dialog.

10.5 – Cementing Results

The Cementing Results dialog displays all the information and results relevant to the cementing module. By utilising the scroll bar at the bottom of the dialog the user can view the three charts at different stages of the cement job.

10.5.1 – Cementing Schematic

This is a visual representation of the well geometry, string and fluids at a given stage in the cement job, dictated by the position selected on the scroll bar. The values used to generate this schematic (MD, Component OD & ID’s and well geometry OD & ID’s) are taken from the values entered in the Drill String, Well Geometry and Fluids Tab. The fluid labels can be toggled on or off by selecting Chart Options and checking or unchecking Show Schematic Fluid Labels.

Changes in well geometry are marked by a label and dashed line.
Areas out with the fluid flow path are white.
Sea water is dark blue
Drilling mud is brown.
Spacer is light blue.
Lead cement is dark grey.
Tail cement is light grey.
Displacement fluid is a variable colour.

10.5.2 – Pumping Schedule

The Pumping Schedule chart depicts:

The annular pressure at the string depth entered in the volumes section
The equivalent circulating density (ECD) at the string depth entered in the volumes section
The pump pressure at surface at a given stage in the cement job
The Flow Rate

All the above outputs are dictated by the position selected on the scroll bar.

The X-axis can be toggled to display either Elapsed Time or Strokes by selecting Chart Options and checking or unchecking X Axis – Strokes.

10.5.3 – Cementing Results Dialog Scroll Bar

The position of the slider on the scroll bar dictates the stage of the cement job depicted on the Cementing Schematic, Pumping Schedule and ECD Snapshot. The user can click the play button for the slider to commence movement at a specific speed. This speed can be adjusted using the + and – keys to speed up and slow down the slider progression respectively. The user can then select the pause button to stop the slider at any point. The slider can also be manually dragged to any point in the scroll bar by the user.

10.5.4 – ECD Snapshot

The ECD Snapshot chart depicts the equivalent circulating density and the annular velocity, across all depths from surface to the string depth, at a given stage in the cement job, dictated by the position selected on the scroll bar.

The right-hand side of the chart shows the flow regime across all depths from surface to the string depth, at a given stage in the cement job, dictated by the position selected on the scroll bar. Red is Laminar Flow and Green is Turbulent.

Additionally, markers display the respective depths of the top of the various fluids in the annulus and any changes in the well geometry.

Within the Cementing Results dialog, the user can output the following via the file menu:

10.5.5.1 - PDF Cementing Report

File > Print PDF Report. This generates a report which can be saved to pdf format.

The report includes all the relevant data used in the cementing calculation and the charts displayed within the Cementing Results dialog, as they appeared when the report was created.

10.5.5.2 - Excel Cementing Report

File > Print Excel Report. This generates a report which can be saved to excel format.

The report includes all the relevant data used in the cementing calculation and the charts displayed within the Cementing Results dialog, as they appeared when the report was created. These charts are allocated their own sheet within the excel document.

10.5.5.3 – Export Data

This option allows the user to export the data used to generate the Pumping Schedule and ECD Snapshot Charts, in Excel format.

10.5.6 – Chart Options

X-Axis – Strokes – This option allows the user to switch between Strokes and Elapsed Time as the units for the X-axis of the Pumping Schedule Chart in the Cementing Results dialog.

Show Schematic Fluid Labels – This option allows the user to turn the fluid labels on and off in the Cementing Schematic section of the Cementing Results dialog.

Annular Contact Time Chart – This option opens the Annular Contact Time Chart. This chart shows the length of time any of the individual fluids in the pumping schedule are in contact with the annulus at any given depth.

11.0 - Chart Results

Innova Engineering comes with a chart viewer which has the same user interface regardless of what type of chart is being viewed. The functions for the chart can be accessed from the context menu (by right clicking on the chart area), from the edit menu or by clicking on the relevant tool bar button.

The visual style of the chart is saved when the chart is closed.

The chart functions are described below:

Save Template – Save the visual Style of the chart to a .ctf file which can be used as a template for charts in other projects.

Open Template – Open a .ctf file and load the charts visual style to that of the template.

PDF Chart – Print the chart to a PDF file with header and footer

Screen Reader – Displays the current chart co-ordinates of the mouse cursor in a small table at the top right of the chart

Chart Properties – Brings up the chart properties dialog which allows all aspects of the chart to be customized.

Export Chart – Brings up a dialog which allows the user to export the chart to a file or the clip board.

Add Label to Chart – If this option is selected, when the chart area is clicked a label will be added at the cursor point. The text for the label should be entered in the dialog which appears.

Labels On / Off – Show / Hide data labels and tether lines on chart

Edit Data Labels – Brings up the edit data labels dialog, which allows the user to set the co-ordinates of the label as well as the text and the label style and size. If tether lines are enabled and a label is dragged a tether line will also be drawn. Both ends of the tether line can be moved as desired by dragging with the mouse. The colour of the labels can also be set using the colour picker.

Display BHA: If a snapshot chart is selected this option allows the user to display the BHA on the chart.

If a drillers view is selected the BHA and hole geometry are displayed as a table

Show Casing: Adds the casing and open hole depth to the plots

Show Hide Gridlines: Turns Gridlines on and off on the plot.

Add additional series: Brings up the “add additional series” dialog. This is where the drilling data can be plotted as well as the pipe yield data, and pump liner limits.

Click on the series which you wish to add and click on the arrow button to move it in to the displayed list box. Do the opposite to remove a series.

Show / Hide Series: Brings up a dialog which allows the user to define which chart series are currently visible.

Reset Chart: Returns the chart to its original state. This will remove all user defined formatting.

View Data Table: Brings up the data the chart is created with in a tabular format

Buckling Analyser: This option is only available when in the “Tension On Bottom” and “Tension Off Bottom” snapshot charts. This shows values for rotating on bottom and sliding (tension on bottom chart) and rotating off bottom and slacking off (tension off bottom chart).

Helical Buckling Length: The cumulative amount of helical buckling in the string.

Sinusoidal Buckling Length: The cumulative amount of sinusoidal buckling in the string.
HEL Index: The Helical Index is a unitless value which represents the amount of Helical Buckling for any specific operation. The higher this value, the more helical buckling is present.
SIN Index: The Sinusoidal Index is a unitless value which represents the amount of Sinusoidal Buckling for any specific operation. The higher this value, the more sinusoidal buckling is present.
Depth: The bit depth for the snapshot calculation.
WOB: The weight on bit used for the calculation.

Ton Mile Calculator: This option is only available when in the “Drillers Hookloads Chart”.

Trip In Data: Option to choose from Rotating off Bottom, or any of the Slack of weights

Trip Out Data: Option to choose from Rotating off Bottom, or any of the pick-up weights
Depth: The depth at which the calculation is run.
Ton Miles (Round Trip): The calculated Ton Miles to get from Surface to the selected depth, and then back to surface again.

Show Hide Series Labels: This option toggles the series labels on and off, the default being off.

Shade Buckling: Will apply a block of colour to fill the graph to the left of the buckling lines.

12.0 - Table Results

The table results dialog displays all the numerical data from the calculation modules. The data can be exported to an Excel or Text tab delimited table by clicking File - Export and selecting the file type and a location to save the exported data to. All the data from the table can be copied to the clipboard by highlighting it and pressing Ctrl + C.

Appendix A – Software Licensing

Innova Engineering is by default shipped with a 2-day trial license, which enables all software features. If using a trial copy, each time Innova Engineering is run, the following dialog will be displayed detailing how many days are remaining on the trial period.

After this period has expired a full license must be purchased. Each software license is issued for a specific PC and to do this a computer code must be provided to Innova, so the license can be issued. If your trial period has not expired open Innova engineering and click on the Help Menu-> License info option to display the license info dialog.

If your trial copy of Innova engineering has expired or your license is invalid, the computer code will be displayed the next time you attempt to open the program. The code can be copied to the clipboard by highlighting the code and pressing Ctrl + C. This can then be pasted in to a text document or email.

Send the computer code to sales@innova-drilling.com and you will receive your license in the form of a ENG_LICENSE.txt file. Place this file in the same directory as InnovaEngineering.exe, usually C:\Program Files (x86)\Innova Drilling & Intervention\Innova Engineering. And run the software. To check to see which features of Innova engineering are currently enabled open the license info dialog from the help menu and see which check boxes are checked. If you have a paid license, the expiry date will be displayed at the bottom left of the screen.

License Deactivation

If you wish to deactivate a license (to move it to another machine), click on the deactivate license button in the license info dialog. Note the deactivation code and send a copy along with the computer code of the new PC to sales@inova-drilling.com. Once the deactivation code has been verified a license for the new machine will be issued.

Appendix B – Nomenclature

Appendix C – Axial and Cross Axial Magnetic Correction

Axial correction or Short Collar Correction (SCC) is used with magnetic survey tools when there is insufficient non-magnetic material above or below the sensor. A magnetic survey tool has magnetometers measuring the Earth’s magnetic field in three axes, X, Y and Z. The Z axis is assumed to be aligned in the along hole direction of the drill string. The sensor must be surrounded by non-magnetic material which shields the X and Y magnetometers from magnetic interference. In normal drilling operations usually enough non-magnetic material above and below the sensor is incorporated to magnetically isolate it from the steel components within the drill string.

This however is not always possible, resulting in magnetic interference in the Z axis magnetometer. This can be corrected by using a mathematical algorithm. This algorithm assumes that the value for the X and Y axis magnetometers are correct and using values for dip angle and HL for the surface location, the Z axis magnetometer can be corrected. There are, however, limits to when this correction can be used and these are listed below.

Note 1 – If possible, SCC should NOT be used and the BHA should be correctly spaced with non-magnetic tubulars as required.
Note 2 – SCC must NOT be used if the well path is known to be within these parameters. Again, the BHA should be correctly spaced with non-magnetic tubulars as required.

If the above parameters are encountered, then the SCC algorithm will not function correctly and erratic corrected data will be seen. It is therefore necessary to discuss beforehand with the Directional Driller / Company Representative as to an agreeable plan of action if the above criteria are expected to be encountered during drilling.

Appendix D – Pole Strengths

Appendix E – Component Details

In the Drill String, Well Geometry and Fluids Tab, when a component is selected from the dropdown menu the user can assign various component details. The type of component that is selected will determine the properties displayed in the lower components grid. The following is a list of the components and a description of their properties which can be viewed in the Component Details box at the bottom of the tab.

E1 - Bit

SN: Serial number plays no part in any calculations
Gauge OD: Gauge OD plays no part in any calculations.
TFA: Click on the cell to bring up the jets dialog. The details of the bit jets and / or the TFA can be entered by typing in the jet details in to the grid or the fixed TFA in to the edit box.

Connection top: plays no part in any calculation

Bit Formation Index (0-1): Models the tendency of the bit to walk. 0 will model no walk, while 1 models a very aggressive bit with high walk tendencies. Used in BHA analysis calculations. For tri-cone bits, a BFI range of 0 to 0.3 is typical, while for more aggressive PDC bits 0.2 to 0.5 (or higher) can be modelled.
- Build Up Rate (BUR) = DLS * Cos (BFI)
- Walk Rate (WR) = DLS * Sin (BFI)
Bit Type: Drop down menu (PDC or Tricone) - plays no part in any calculation
Tensile Yield: The tensile yield of the component. This value is displayed on the charts if selected
Torsional Yield: The torsional yield of the component. This value can be displayed on the charts if selected

Note: If a bit is selected it must always be the first component and cannot be moved from the first row.

E2 - Hole Opener / Under Reamer

Same properties as a bit –see above

E3 - Circ Sub

Same properties as Bit, excluding the Bit Formation Index and Bit Type – see above.

E4 - Cross Over (X/O)

SN: Serial Number plays no part in any calculation
Connection Top: Plays no part in any calculation
Connection Bottom: Plays no part in any calculation
Tensile Yield: The tensile yield of the component. This value is displayed on the charts if selected
Torsional Yield: The torsional yield of the component. This value can be displayed on the charts if selected

E5 - RSS – Rotary Steerable system

SN: Serial number plays no part in any calculation
Stab OD: if the tool has a stabiliser enter its OD, used for SAG calculations and hydraulics
Stab blade length (in): if the tool has a stabiliser enter its blade length in inches, used for SAG calculations and hydraulics
Stab distance from bottom: If the tool has a stabiliser enter the distance from the bottom of the tool to the start of the stabiliser blade section. Enter in the depth units selected from the units menu. Used for SAG calculations
Connection top: not used in any calculation
Connection bottom: not used in any calculation
Pressure drop: enter the pressure drop across the tool if any, used in hydraulics and T&D calculations
Stab blade width: If the tool has a stabiliser enter its blade width in inches, used for hydraulics calculations
No of Blades: The number of blades on the stabiliser. Not used in any calculation
Max Dogleg Capability: The theoretical maximum dls capability of the tool. This is used in the BHA analysis BUR calculation.
Deflection / Force Setting: This is used in the BHA analysis BUR calculation. This will give an effective BUR based on the max dogleg capability entered above.
Tensile Yield: The tensile yield of the component. This value is displayed on the charts if selected
Torsional Yield: The torsional yield of the component. This value can be displayed on the charts if selected

E6 - MWD / LWD

Same properties as RSS, excluding the max dogleg capability and deflection / force setting.

E7 - Motor

SN: Serial number plays no part in any calculation
Stab OD: if the tool has a stabiliser enter its OD, used for SAG calculations and hydraulics
Stab blade length (in): if the tool has a stabiliser enter its blade length in inches, used for SAG calculations and hydraulics
Stab distance from bottom: If the tool has a stabiliser enter the distance from the bottom of the tool to the start of the stabiliser blade section. Enter in the depth units selected from the units menu. Used for SAG calculations
Connection top: not used in any calculation
Connection bottom: not used in any calculation
Pressure drop: enter the pressure drop across the tool if any, used in hydraulics and T&D calculations
Stab blade width: If the tool has a stabiliser enter its blade width in inches, used for hydraulics calculations
No of Blades: The number of blades on the stabiliser. Not used in any calculation
Bend Angle: The bend setting on the motor. Used to calculate the theoretical maximum dls capability of the tool. This is used in the BHA analysis BUR calculation.
Bit to Bend: This is used in the BHA analysis BUR calculation. This will give an effective BUR based on the bend angle entered above.
Tensile Yield: The tensile yield of the component. This value is displayed on the charts if selected
Torsional Yield: The torsional yield of the component. This value can be displayed on the charts if selected
Differential Pressure: The expected differential pressure to be run across the motor. Used in hydraulics and T&D calculations.

E8 - Turbine

Same properties as Motor, excluding the differential pressure

E9 - Stabiliser

SN: Serial number plays no part in any calculation
Stab OD: OD of the stabiliser blades, used for SAG calculations and hydraulics
Stab blade length (in): Blade length in inches, used for SAG calculations and hydraulics
Stab distance from bottom: Distance from the bottom of the tool to the start of the stabiliser blade section. Enter in the depth units selected from the units menu. Used for SAG calculations
Connection top: not used in any calculation
Connection bottom: not used in any calculation
Stab Blade Width: Blade width in inches, used for hydraulics calculations
No of Blades: The number of blades on the stabiliser. Not used in any calculation
Tensile Yield: The tensile yield of the component. This value is displayed on the charts if selected
Torsional Yield: The torsional yield of the component. This value can be displayed on the charts if selected

E10 - Drill Collar

Same properties as a X/O

E11 - Drill Pipe / HWDP

Connection top: not used in any calculation
Connection bottom: not used in any calculation
Friction reduction Sub %: If friction reduction subs are run in this interval then enter the % reduction in torque and drag (from manufacturers spec). Note if torque reduction subs are only run over a set interval the drill pipe must be entered in separate sections and the section with the friction reduction subs specified.
Class: Choose from the dropdown menu in the cell – New, Premium, Class 1 & Class 2 – This adjusts the wall thickness for T&D calculations and has an effect on hookloads and buckling calculations
Tensile Yield: The tensile yield of the component. This value is displayed on the charts if selected
Torsional Yield: The torsional yield of the component. This value can be displayed on the charts if selected
Burst: The Burst pressure of the pipe in psi.
Collapse: The collapse pressure of the pipe in psi.
Material: Steel or Aluminium, chosen from a dropdown menu. This selection changes the Youngs Modulus of the pipe and effects buckling.
Internal Fluid Weight: This is the weight of fluid inside the pipe, and is used for floating casing. If no value is entered the program assumes the pipe is filled with mud as per the fluid properties. If zero is entered, the program assumes there is NO fluid. If the fluid inside is a different weight from the mud weight in the fluid properties, enter the weight in ppg.
SN: Serial number plays no part in any calculation

E12 - Jar

SN: Serial Number plays no part in any calculation
Connection Top: Plays no part in any calculation
Connection Bottom: Plays no part in any calculation
Tensile Yield: The tensile yield of the component. This value is displayed on the charts if selected
Torsional Yield: The torsional yield of the component. This value can be displayed on the charts if selected
Latch Up: The latch up setting for Mechanical or Hydro-mechanical Jars – Plays no part in any calculation
Latch Down: The latch down setting for Mechanical or Hydro-mechanical Jars – Plays no part in any calculation
Impulse: The change in momentum during the impact phase, measured by the area under the load versus time curve – Plays no part in any calculation
Pump Open Area: Pump open Area of the jar. This is used in the pump open force calculations in the jar placement module.
Stroke Length: Free Stroke Length of the jar. Used in the Impact and Impulse calculations in the jar placement module.
Make: Jar make. Appears in the jar placement report.
Model: Jar model. Appears in the jar placement report.

E13 - Accelerator

SN: Serial Number plays no part in any calculation
Connection Top: Plays no part in any calculation
Connection Bottom: Plays no part in any calculation
Tensile Yield: The tensile yield of the component. This value is displayed on the charts if selected
Torsional Yield: The torsional yield of the component. This value can be displayed on the charts if selected
Stroke Length: Free Stroke Length of the accelerator. Used in the Impact and Impulse calculations in the jar placement module.
Make: Accelerator make. Appears in the jar placement report.
Model: Accelerator model. Appears in the jar placement report.

E14 - Sub

SN: Serial Number plays no part in any calculation
Has float: YES / NO not used in any calculation
Connection Top: Plays no part in any calculation
Connection Bottom: Plays no part in any calculation
Tensile Yield: The tensile yield of the component. This value is displayed on the charts if selected
Torsional Yield: The torsional yield of the component. This value can be displayed on the charts if selected

E15 - Liner

Connection Top: Plays no part in any calculation
Connection Bottom: Plays no part in any calculation
Float TFA: enter the TFA of the float or shoe, this is used for surge and swab calculations. Clicking on the cell brings up the jets dialog. This is used for hydraulics Calculations.
Centraliser Spacing: number of centralisers over the interval – note if centralisers are only run across a certain interval then the liner should be entered as separate sections in the string. This is used for hydraulics, torque and drag and casing standoff calculations
Centraliser OD: the OD of the centralisers, if bow spring type simply enter the ID of the hole. This is used for hydraulics, torque and drag and casing standoff calculations
Centraliser length: the length of a centraliser blade which contacts the wellbore in inches. This is used for hydraulics Calculations.
Centraliser blade width: width of 1 blade of the centraliser in inches. This is used for hydraulics Calculations.
Centraliser blade count: number of blades on centraliser. This is used for hydraulics Calculations.
Internal Fluid Weight: This is the weight of fluid inside the liner and is used for floating casing. If no value is entered the program assumes the pipe is filled with mud as per the fluid properties. If zero is entered, the program assumes there is NO fluid. If the fluid inside is a different weight from the mud weight in the fluid properties, enter the weight in ppg. This is used for T&D Calculations.
Tensile Yield: The tensile yield of the component. This value is displayed on the charts if selected. Plays no part in any calculation
Torsional Yield: The torsional yield of the component. This value can be displayed on the charts if selected. Plays no part in any calculation
Burst: The Burst pressure of the pipe in psi. Plays no part in any calculation
Collapse: The collapse pressure of the pipe in psi. Plays no part in any calculation
Bowspring Restoring Force: The Force exerted by a centralizer against the casing to keep it away from the wellbore wall. This input is used in the standoff calculation to determine how much the bow spring centralizer has deformed for a given side force. The centralizer will never compress more than the body OD. The higher the side force the more deformation of the centralizer. If nothing is entered for the restoring force it is assumed that the centralizer is rigid.
Centralizer Body OD: The OD of the body of the centralizer. This is used for hydraulics Calculations.
Friction Reduction %: % reduction in torque and drag (from manufacturers spec), based on the type of centralizer which is being used. This is used for T&D Calculations.
Running Force: The maximum force required to insert a centralizer into a specified wellbore diameter. This input is not used in the standoff calculation but is used for T&D. The running force will be applied to the hookload and torque values and will increase / decrease with the well bore size. There will be no additional force added until the centralizer is compressed 50%. The running force is then increased accordingly based on the more it is compressed.
Centralizer Type: The user can manually enter the centralizer type and make / model here. This is not used in any calculations.
Running Force Restriction ID: If a value is entered here, this will force the program to use 100% of the running force for that given hole size or below. This is regardless of the compression experienced.

E16 - Casing / Tubing

Same properties as liner

E17 - Agitator

SN: Serial Number plays no part in any calculation
Connection Top: Plays no part in any calculation
Connection Bottom: Plays no part in any calculation
Reduction in Slack Off FF: The percentage reduction in the slack off friction factor because of the agitator’s inclusion in the string. This is factored into the T&D calculations for Tripping In, Slide Drilling and Rotating on Bottom operations.
Make: Plays no part in any calculation
Model: Plays no part in any calculation
Pressure Drop: enter the pressure drop across the tool if any, used in hydraulics and T&D calculations
Tensile Yield: The tensile yield of the component. This value is displayed on the charts if selected
Torsional Yield: The torsional yield of the component. This value can be displayed on the charts if selected

E18 - Reamer

SN: Serial Number plays no part in any calculation
Reamer Arm OD: OD of the Reamer Arm, used for SAG calculations and hydraulics
Arm Length: Arm length in inches, used for SAG calculations and hydraulics
Reamer Arm Distance from Bottom: Distance from the bottom of the tool to the start of the Reamer Arm section. Enter in the depth units selected from the units menu. Used for SAG calculations
Connection Top: Plays no part in any calculation
Connection Bottom: Plays no part in any calculation
Arm Width: Arm width in inches, used for hydraulics calculations
No of Arms: The number of arms on the reamer. Not used in any calculation
Tensile Yield: The tensile yield of the component. This value is displayed on the charts if selected
Torsional Yield: The torsional yield of the component. This value can be displayed on the charts if selected

4.0 - Menus

New: Create a new blank engineering project. This can also be accessed by pressing Ctrl + N

Open: Open an existing engineering project. This can also be accessed by pressing Ctrl + O

Save: Save current project. Projects are saved as a .Ieng file. This can also be accessed by pressing Ctrl + S

Save As: Save existing project under a new name

4.2.1 - Print Reports

Access the Generate Reports dialog

4.2.2 - Print BHA

4.2.3 - Import Survey

Once happy with the selection click the import button and the surveys will be imported.

4.2.4 - Export BHA

4.2.5 - Import BHA

4.2.6 - Exit

Exit the application. This can also be accessed by pressing Ctrl + X

The Units menu controls the units for the entire project. The selected units will have a tick next to them. By default, Innova Engineering uses API units; however, these can be changed at any point.

Mud: Pounds per Gallon (PPG), Specific Gravity (SG), PSI per Cubic Foot (psi/ft3), Pounds per Cubic Foot (lbs/ft3), Kilograms per Cubic Meter (kg/m3) or Kilopascals per meter (kpa/m)
Length: Feet, Us Feet or Meters - Note the length units govern the lengths of components as well as the local units for surveys and global depth units
Flow: Gallons per min (GPM), Litres per min (LPM), Cubic meters per min (m3/m) or Standard Cubic Feet per Minute (SCFM). Note, when SCFM is selected, air drilling mode is activated.
Pressure: Pounds per Square Inch (PSI), BAR or Kilopascals (KPa)
Weight: Kilopounds (klbs), Metric tons or Kilo-decanewtons (kdaN)
Torque: Kilo-foot-pounds (Kftlbs) or Kilonewtonmeters (kNm)
Volume: Barrels (bbls) or Cubic meters (m^3)
Diameter: Either inches (in) or Millimeters (mm), this will affect all OD’s and ID’s
Temperature: Fahrenheit or Celsius
Magnetics: Geolink / Tensor (mv), SSP / SUCOP (uT), nT, nT no XY inversion, EVO / Applied Physics or Vertex
Accelerometers: G or mG. The option to Invert Z Axis can be checked or unchecked irrespective of the accelerometer unit choice
Jet Size: 1/32nds of an inch or Millimeters (mm)

Set API Units: Automatically sets the above units to match the standard API unit scheme:

Mud: Pounds per Gallon (PPG); Length: Feet; Flow: Gallons per min (GPM); Pressure: Pounds per Square Inch (PSI); Weight: Kilopounds (klbs); Torque: Kilo-foot-pounds (Kftlbs); Volume: Barrels (bbls); Diameter: inches (in); Temperature: Fahrenheit; Jet Size: 1/32nds of an inch.

Set SI Units: Automatically sets the above units to match the standard SI unit scheme:

Mud: Specific Gravity (SG); Length: Meters; Flow: Litres per min (LPM); Pressure: BAR; Weight: Metric Tons; Torque: Kilonewton meters (kNm); Volume: Barrels (bbls); Diameter: inches (in); Temperature: Celsius; Jet Size: 1/32nds of an inch.

Set Canadian Units: Automatically sets the above units to match the standard Canadian unit scheme:

Mud: Kilograms per Cubic Meter (kg/m3); Length: Meters; Flow: Litres per min (LPM); Pressure: Kilopascals (KPa); Weight: Kilo-decanewtons (kdaN); Torque: Kilo-foot-pounds (Kftlbs); Volume: Barrels (bbls); Diameter: Millimeters (mm); Temperature: Celsius; Jet Size: Millimeters (mm).

4.4.1 - Include Tool joints

This option selects whether the OD and ID of the tool joint is included in the calculations. This option only affects torque and drag and hydraulics calculations and by default is set to Yes.

4.4.2 - Include Stabilisers / Centralizers

This option enables or disables drill string stabilisers or casing centralisers in hydraulics and torque and drag calculations. By default, this option is set to Yes.

4.4.3 - Survey Calculation Method

4.4.4 - Include Drilling Data in Calculations

4.4.5 - Include Motor Bend in BHA Analysis

Determines if the motor bend is used in the BHA Analysis calculation. By default, this is set to Yes.

4.4.6 - Torque & Drag Model

Options which relate to the T&D calculations.

Viscous Drag: Refers to the drag caused by pulling the string through the mud. This only affects the PU weights. Default is No.
Buckling Friction: The additional friction added if the pipe is buckled and being pushed through the well. Only applies to SO weights. Default is No.
Contact Surface Correction: Additional friction applied based on the surface area of the tubular touching the well bore i.e. casing has more friction because more surface area. Default is No.
Calculate Casing Wear: If No is selected, there will be no output in the Casing Wear Plot. Default is Yes.
Buckling Lines: User can select between Sliding & Rotary. This selection determines which buckling lines are displayed on the Tension On & Off Bottom Snapshot Charts. Default is Sliding.
Buckling Model: Determines the way the Helical Buckling limit is calculated.
- Conservative (Unloading Model): Sinusoidal limit x 1.4. This is the default.
- Standard (Loading Model): Sinusoidal limit x 2.1
Include Friction Reduction Subs: Friction reduction inputs are available in the DP & HWDP component details. This option determines whether these inputs are used in the calculation. Default is Yes.
Include Overpull in stretch calcs: Stretch calculations will take into consideration the overpull entered in the Engineering Parameters tab. Default is No.
Outer String Properties: Required input for Expandable Liner calculations.

Friction Factors: The pick-up (PU) and Slack-off (SO) friction factors used in the calculation. These will override the friction factors entered in the main grid

Liner Shrinkage: The length difference expected between the expanded and un-expanded liner

Catalogue: This radio button takes the user to the Component Catalogue, where they can select the relevant component to add to the Properties section.

Calculate Shrinkage: This radio button runs the liner shrinkage calculation, and the results will be populated in the Liner Shrinkage section.

Step Interval: Determines the interval between calculated points i.e. with a step interval of 10 outputs are generated every 10 meters or feet. This will be apparent when viewing the data tables. Default is 10 when unit length is Meters and is 30 when unit length is Feet or US Feet.
Air Drilling: To be used when the section is air drilled. User enters the expected standpipe pressure here. This will calculate the additional string weight caused by drilling on air.
Fluid Level: This option allows the user to select the fluid level in the wellbore. The depth entered is Measured Depth, and the program will assume no fluid from surface to this depth. Over this range, there will be no buoyancy factor considered, therefore the hookload will increase as a result.

4.4.7 - Hydraulics Model Options

Options which relate to the Hydraulics calculations. More specifically, the surge and swab calculations.

Surge and Swab Parameters:
- Mud Compressibility: A compressibility factor for the mud in 1/psi. Default for most oil based fluids is 3 x 10-6
- 10m Gel Strength: 10 minute gel strength, used to calculate the additional surge pressure required to break down the gels. Default is 12.
- Stand Length: Length of the stand used in the calculations. Default is 30m / 100ft.
SnS: Include Pipe Acceleration: This option allows the user to include or exclude pipe acceleration. When this is included, the calculation will use an acceleration and deceleration phase for each stand length. When it is not included, the trip speed will be used for the whole stand with no acceleration or deceleration phase. Default is Off.
SnS: Include Gel Strength Pressure Loss: Include the additional pressure required to break down the gels. This is normally fairly small. Default is Off.
SnS: Continuous Circulation: Used to model coiled tubing. Assumes circulation while tripping, this means that swab affects will be less and surge effects will be more depending on flow rate. The first flow rate in the flow grid of the Engineering Parameters tab is used to determine the annular velocity generated by the circulating fluid. Default is Off.
SnS: Limit Acceleration Effects: This option limits the additional surge pressures due to acceleration to a maximum of 2 x the current max surge pressure. This stops very large (artificial) equivalent mud weights being generated when very shallow. Default is On
SnS: Continuous Tripping: This option assumes continuous tripping, and as a result will only calculate one acceleration phase (on the first stand length) and one deceleration phase (on the last stand length). This option is best used to model coiled tubing. Default is Off.
SnS: Use Bit TFA for Open Ended Calcs: This option allows the user to use the bit TFA when running open ended surge and swab calculations. This will only work for assemblies which have a bit and a TFA entered. When this selection is off, the program uses the internal diameter of the last component. Default is Off.
Pump Pressure Safety Factor: This option allows the user to increase the SPP by a specified percentage. Pipe Pressure Loss, Annular Pressure Loss and SPP values are all adjusted to reflect the input Safety Factor.

MPD Data: This option allows the user to enter a back pressure for Managed Pressure Drilling.
- MPD Setup. The MPD Back Pressure is added as a fixed value to all of the SPP calculation totals and will also be reflected in the ECDs.
- EMW Calculator: The user inputs the desired EMW increase at a specific TVD and the required back pressure to be applied is calculated. The user can then enter this value in the MPD setup.

Riser Boost Rate: The boost flow rate across the riser is entered here. This additional flow in the riser annulus affects the annular pressure loss, annular velocity, hole cleaning and ECDs in the riser only. This in change in the riser values affects the SPP, annular pressure loss, hole cleaning and ECDs for the section. This is only applicable in wells where the Well Geometry includes a ‘Riser’. If the well geometry does not include a riser, any value entered here will have no effect on the calculated outputs.

4.4.8 - SAG Calculation Precision

Determines the number of decimal places displayed in the Inc SAG column in the raw surveys tab.

4.4.9 - Survey Precision

Determines the number of decimal places displayed in the MD, Inc and Azi columns in the Actual Surveys and Well Plan tabs.

4.4.10 - Default Chart Formatting

Allows the user to pre-set some of the default chart settings.

Auto Chart Colours: User can select Yes or No. Yes sets the default line colours to the options selected in Customize Colours / Line Styles. No sets the default line colours to random.
Auto Chart Line Styles: User can select Yes or No. Yes sets the default line styles to the options selected in Customize Colours / Line Styles. No sets the default line styles to random.
Customize Colours / Line Styles: Allows the user to manually alter the default colour of lines based upon the chart type and the series. The user can also select a default line style for up to five variants of a series.

4.4.11 - Cementing

4.4.12 - Show / Hide Parameter Columns

This affects the drilling data tab and allows columns to be shown / hidden. If a column is visible it will have a tick next to it. By default, all columns are visible.

4.4.13 - Raw survey QC Limits

4.4.14 - Pressure Gradients

Selecting this option displays a dialog which allows pore pressure, fracture gradient, casing burst and collapse pressures to be displayed.

Depth Input: Determines the depth input for the Pore and Fracture Pressure.

Surveys: This selection relates to the pore and fracture pressure sections. Whatever depth (MD or TVD) is input in these sections, the other value is interpolated from the survey selection.

Graph Setup: User can choose between MD & TVD for the Y-axis and Pressure & EMW for the X-axis.

Trip Margin: The input value is added to all the pore pressure values and plotted on the pressure gradients plot. This is a safety factor which takes into consideration reductions in the EMW while tripping out. When entered, the casing seat calculations will take this value into account.
Kick Tolerance: The input value is subtracted from all the fracture pressure values and plotted on the pressure gradients plot. This is a safety factor which takes into consideration increases in the EMW while tripping in. When entered, the casing seat calculations will take this value into account.
Analysis Type: This affects the way the program carries out the casing seat calculation. User can choose between Top Down or Bottom Up. When Top Down is selected, the calculation begins at surface and works its way down. With Bottom Up, the calculation begins at the deepest depth and works its way to surface. The results can vary slightly depending on the analysis type selected.

Casing Design: Opens the Casing Design dialog. For more information on the casing design dialogue see Section 4.5.11: Casing Design.

Hydrostatic: The Hydrostatic Pressure in psi expected at the shoe and open hole depths entered.

Influx Gradient: The expected pressure gradient for the influx fluid (gas is usually expressed as 0.1 psi / ft)

Safety Margin: The safety margin in psi

Kick IF: The kick Intensity Factor. This value represents the value of the kick above the pore pressure. This is an input.

SW Density: Sea Water Density. This is used for riser less drilling calculations. The value displayed here is the one entered in the Engineering Tab on the main screen.

Ann Cap: The Annular Capacity in bbls/ft or bbls/m. This value is generated based on the hole size and the BHA OD

MAASP: Maximum Allowable Annulus Surface Pressure

MASP (Pore): Maximum allowable surface pressure based on the maximum pore pressure

MASP (Frac): Maximum allowable surface pressure which will not fracture the weak point

Kick Pressure (psi): Expected kick pressure in psi

Kick Pressure (ppg): Expected kick pressure expressed in EMW

Kick Tolerance (bbls): The volume of influx that can be tolerated in bbls. This is a calculated value.

Kick Tolerance (ppg): The volume of influx that can be tolerated in ppg. This is a calculated value

Swabbed KT: Kick tolerance for a swabbed kick (no ECD)

Operator KT: The operators kick tolerance

Pit Gain: Expected pit gain before the well is shut in

SCR: Slow circulating rate pressure

SIDP: Shut in Drill Pipe Pressure.

ICP: Initial Choke Pressure

Water Depth: If the well is offshore this is the water depth

CLF: Choke line friction pressure

SCIP: Shut in casing pressure

FCP: Final Choke Pressure.

Air Gap: Rig air gap expressed as the RKB to the top of the flow line or MSL if drilling riserless

Pump Out: Pump output expressed in bbls/stk

Kill MW: Kill Mud Weight. This is the calculated mud weight required to kill the well.

Riser Margin: The riser margin represents the increase in mud weight required to compensate for loss of hydrostatic head if the riser is disconnected.

MW: Mud weight of the mud in the current hole section

KT Sensitivity: This radio button opens the Kick Tolerance Sensitivity Analysis Plot.

Pump Output: This radio button opens the Pump Data dialogue, which is explained in more detail in the Tools section of this manual.

4.4.15 - Temperature Gradients

Temperature Gradients: The values input in this section directly relate to the Static Temperature. The other three temperatures are calculated based on these values.

Surface Temperature: The temperature at surface. This will be the starting point on the X-Axis for the Static Temperature line.
Water Depth: The depth of the water when drilling offshore. This option is activated when the offshore box is checked.
Water Gradient: The gradient of the water temperature. This option is activated when the offshore box is checked. NOTE: this can be a negative value.
Temp Gradient: The temperature gradient from surface / mudline.
Multiple Gradients: When checked, the user can input as many temperature gradients as required.
Interpolation: User can interpolate the Static, Drilling, Cementation and Production temperatures, at any given MD or TVD.

Temperature Profiles: The formulae used to create the four temperature profiles modelled in this section are detailed below.

Static Temperature Profile:

Onshore: Td -st = Ts + DGst (eqn 1)

Where

Td-st = static temperature of interested depth (F or C)
Ts= surface temperature (F or C)
D = true vertical depth of interest (ft or m)
Gst = geothermal gradient in degree per depth unit (F/100ft or C/30m)

Offshore: Td -st = Tml + (D - Dw )Gst (eqn 2)

Where

Td-st = static temperature of interested depth (F or C)
Tml = mud line temperature (F or C)
Dw = water depth (ft or m)
D = true vertical depth of interest (ft or m)
Gst = geothermal gradient in degree per depth unit (F/100ft or C/30m)

Cementing Temperature Profile:

Tb-circ = (1.342 - 0.2228Gst )Tb-st + 33.54Gst -102.1 (eqn 3)

Tb-cmt = Tb circ + (Tb-st – Tb-circ) / 4 (eqn 4)

Ts-cmt = Ts + 0.3(Tb-cmt - Ts) (eqn 5)

Where

Tb-circ = bottom hole circulating temperature (°F)
Ts= surface temperature (°F)
Gst = geothermal gradient (°F/100ft)
Tb-cmt = bottom hole as cemented temperature (°F)
Ts-cmt = surface as cemented temperature (°F)

Drilling Temperature Profile:

Ts-d = 0.9Tb-st – ⅔DSOH(0.8Gst)/100 (eqn 6)

TDSOH -d = 0.95Tb-st (eqn 7)

Where:

Ts-d = drilling temperature at surface (°F)

TDSOH-d = drilling temperature at the depth of deepest subsequent open hole (°F)

Tb-st = bottom hole static temperature (°F)

DSOH = deepest subsequent open hole depth (ft)

Gst = geothermal gradient (°F/100ft)

Production Temperature Profile:

For production casing

Ts-p = 0.95Tb-st – ⅔Dp(0.7Gst)/100 (eqn 8)

For tubing

Ts-p = 0.95Tb-st – ⅔Dp(0.5Gst)/100 (eqn 9)

Where:

Ts-p = surface production temperature (°F)

Tb-st = bottom hole static temperature (°F)

Dp = depth of production zone (ft)

Gst = geothermal gradient (°F/100ft)

4.4.16 - Pipe Tensile Yield Limits

4.4.17 - Add Tortuosity

4.5.1 – Quick Bit Hydraulics

Access the quick bit hydraulics tool. This allows bit hydraulics to be calculated without having to enter all the details for a complete hydraulics calculation.

4.5.2 – Interpolate

4.5.3 – Pump Data

This gives the user access to the Pump Data dialog.

4.5.4 – Pipe Length Calculator

A calculator which lets the user calculate the total length of pipe by entering the nominal length of 1 joint of pipe along with the number of joints.

4.5.5 – Tubular Properties Calculator

Allows the user to calculate the tubular properties of Drill Pipe, Casing and Tubing.

Tubular Details: Where the user enters the details of the relevant tubular.

Tubular Type: Select Drill Pipe, Casing or Tubing from the drop-down menu.

Material Grade: Select the appropriate grade of steel from the drop-down menu

Yield Strength: The yield strength of the pipe, based on the selected Material Grade

OD: Outside Diameter of the pipe

ID: Inside Diameter of the pipe

Wall Thickness: Wall thickness of the pipe. New pipe will be 100%

Axial Tension: The Axial Tension expected on the tubular (+ve for tension and -ve for compression). This value affects the Results and Collapse Modes output.

Capacity: Internal Capacity of the pipe in barrels per foot

Closed Disp: Closed end displacement of the pipe in barrels per foot.

Open Disp: Open ended displacement of the pipe in barrels per foot. This is the Closed Displacement minus the Capacity.

Calculated Coefficients: The coefficients used for the collapse calculation (see API 5CT)

Collapse Modes: See API 5CT

4.5.6 – Component Catalogue

4.5.7 – Pipe Class Editor

4.5.8 – Standoff Optimisation Parameters

These inputs affect the casing standoff calculation.

Desired Standoff: This is the standoff which will be calculated when Optimise Standoff is selected
Max Step Value: The minimum step value between one optimum spacing and the next. Engineering looks at the required spacing values which provide the desired standoff, and groups similar values (which land within the step range) together to provide a single optimum spacing output for each of these points. This is basically a smoothing parameter. Larger step values encompass more of the optimum spacing values providing more of a smoothing effect.
Max Spacing: The spacing value at which no centralisers will be recommended. This affects the Centralizer Spacing Summary in the Standoff Summary Report.

4.5.9 – Well Schematic

4.5.10 – Multi-Station Analysis

This opens the Multi Station Analysis (MSA) dialogue and is only available to select when raw surveys are selected in the survey tab on the main screen.

Vertical Section: Populated from the values entered in the vertical section cells of the surveys tab. These cells can’t be edited from this dialogue.

QC Parameters: Populated from the values entered in the raw survey QC limits. These cells can’t be edited from this dialogue.

MSA QC Parameters: Populated from the values entered in the raw survey QC limits. These cells can’t be edited from this dialogue.

Pseudo Bias/SF: Calculated X, Y & Z magnetometer Bias and Scale results. Only populated after Calculate MSA radio button has been clicked.

Override Correction: When this box is ticked the user can manually edit the Bias X, Y, Z and Scale X, Y, Z values.

Values in Use: The user can choose which values to use for the calculation:

Azimuth: This selection determines which azimuth is used in the survey calculation and only affects TVD, NS, EW, VS, DLS etc. Choose between MSA, SCC and RAW.
Inclination: This selection determines which inclination is used in the survey calculation and only affects TVD, NS, EW, VS, DLS etc. Choose between RAW and SAG Corrected.