4.0 - Menus

4.1 – Main Menu

Many of the Innova Engineering functions are accessed from the main menu; the functions common to all modules will be covered in this section. The details on other menu options will be covered in the relevant manual section.

Figure 8: Menu Bar

4.2 – File Menu

Figure 9: File Menu

New: Create a new blank engineering project. This can also be accessed by pressing Ctrl + N

Open: Open an existing engineering project. This can also be accessed by pressing Ctrl + O

Save: Save current project. Projects are saved as a .Ieng file. This can also be accessed by pressing Ctrl + S

Save As: Save existing project under a new name

4.2.1 - Print Reports

Access the Generate Reports dialog

Figure 10: Report generator

Once results have been generated by the various program modules, reports can be printed to PDF or excel from the report generator dialog. Two company logos can be included in the reports and the logos are selected via file menu -> select logo / select logo 2. The logo must be in a .bmp format and once selected will be displayed in the logo frame on the report generator. Please note that logo 2 will not be included in any excel reports.

The reporting options common to all report types are available from the Options frame. Select the report type, either PDF of Excel, from the combo box and select whether the header footer and cover page are to be included. The company logo is displayed in three elements and if none are selected the logo will not be displayed.

In addition, the PDF report colour scheme can be selected from the drop down colour menus Back and Inset. The Back colour is the predominant colour of the headings in the report and the Inset colour will appear behind section titles for better contrast if required. This selection will not affect any excel reports generated.

Five different report types are available from the tabs in the lower half of the dialog: Hydraulics, Torque & Drag, BHA Analysis & SAG, Non-Mag Spacing and Surveys. The tab selected when the print button is pressed will be the report that is generated. Select the various report specific options by checking and unchecking the text boxes. Note that graphs are not available in the Excel reports. The charts displayed in the PDF reports will print the last setting applied to the charts in the main program. If the charts have not been viewed, default settings will be used. Once all the report options have been selected click on the Print option from the file menu and save the report as either a PDF of Excel file. Once the report has been printed the Excel or PDF viewer will be launched and the report previewed. From here the report can be sent to any currently installed printer.

The user can create Pre-Defined Reports, based on common report selections. When in a relevant report tab, the user makes the desired selection for the report output. They can then insert a Report Name and select Add. This report will now be available from the drop-down menu. It is important to note that the pre-defined report will only save the selection in 1 tab. Additional reports are required for each tab, and different selections within individual tabs. Pre-defined reports can be updated and deleted using the Update and Delete buttons.

4.2.2 - Print BHA

Prints an excel report containing the BHA details as they are entered in the Drill String section of the main screen. Selecting this option Opens the Print BHA dialog, allowing the user to enter additional BHA data which is included in the report. The Fill Colour dropdown box changes the colour of table headings. The Print Inverted checkbox reverses the order that the BHA components are listed in the report. Selecting Print generates the report. Note, that these cells do not need to be populated to generate the BHA report.

Figure 11: Print BHA Dialogue

4.2.3 - Import Survey

This option can only be selected if the Surveys tab has been selected from the main user interface. Once on the surveys tab, this option will become available and the surveys will be imported into the survey grid selected in the Survey Selection combo box.

Figure 12: Import Survey

Select a survey file from the dialog, and select its file type from the filter drop down menu. Supported file types are tab delimited text, comma delimited text, space delimited text, Excel 2003 files, Excel 2007 and Navigator SCC text files. The file type must be selected correctly, or the file will not open correctly. The survey file can contain column headers, but must contain the measured depths, inclinations and azimuths in separate columns.

Figure 13: Select survey file

If Raw Surveys are selected, the file must contain measured depth, HX, HY, HZ, GX, GY and GZ values in separate columns. The columns do not have to be in any order and the file can contain other data columns. Once selected the following dialog will be displayed.

Figure 14: Survey import dialog

A preview of the survey file will be displayed in the main grid with the row numbers down the left hand side of the lower grid. Select the start row and the end row of the surveys you wish to import and select which column is which from the combo boxes in the upper grid. If normal surveys are selected MD INC and AZI columns must be defined. If RAW surveys are selected MD, HX, HY, HZ, GX, GY and GZ columns must be defined. If the column is not to be imported, selected NA from the combo box.

Once happy with the selection click the import button and the surveys will be imported.

4.2.4 - Export BHA

Exports the BHA which the user has populated in the Drill String section of the Drill String, Well Geometry and Fluids tab on the main user interface. This option is only available when in this tab and creates a .bha file. It is worth noting that this .bha file can also be imported into Innova’s Well Seeker Pro Drill String Editor dialog.

4.2.5 - Import BHA

Imports any .bha file into the Drill String section of the Drill String, Well Geometry and Fluids tab on the main user interface. This option is only available when in this tab. Care should be taken as this option will overwrite any information populated in the Drill String section.

4.2.6 - Exit

Exit the application. This can also be accessed by pressing Ctrl + X

4.3 – Units Menu

Figure 15: Units Menu

The Units menu controls the units for the entire project. The selected units will have a tick next to them. By default, Innova Engineering uses API units; however, these can be changed at any point.

• Mud: Pounds per Gallon (PPG), Specific Gravity (SG), PSI per Cubic Foot (psi/ft3), Pounds per Cubic Foot (lbs/ft3), Kilograms per Cubic Meter (kg/m3) or Kilopascals per meter (kpa/m)

• Length: Feet, Us Feet or Meters - Note the length units govern the lengths of components as well as the local units for surveys and global depth units

• Flow: Gallons per min (GPM), Litres per min (LPM), Cubic meters per min (m3/m) or Standard Cubic Feet per Minute (SCFM). Note, when SCFM is selected, air drilling mode is activated.

• Pressure: Pounds per Square Inch (PSI), BAR or Kilopascals (KPa)

• Weight: Kilopounds (klbs), Metric tons or Kilo-decanewtons (kdaN)

• Torque: Kilo-foot-pounds (Kftlbs) or Kilonewtonmeters (kNm)

• Volume: Barrels (bbls) or Cubic meters (m^3)

• Diameter: Either inches (in) or Millimeters (mm), this will affect all OD’s and ID’s

• Temperature: Fahrenheit or Celsius

• Magnetics: Geolink / Tensor (mv), SSP / SUCOP (uT), nT, nT no XY inversion, EVO / Applied Physics or Vertex

• Accelerometers: G or mG. The option to Invert Z Axis can be checked or unchecked irrespective of the accelerometer unit choice

• Jet Size: 1/32nds of an inch or Millimeters (mm)

Set API Units: Automatically sets the above units to match the standard API unit scheme:

• Mud: Pounds per Gallon (PPG); Length: Feet; Flow: Gallons per min (GPM); Pressure: Pounds per Square Inch (PSI); Weight: Kilopounds (klbs); Torque: Kilo-foot-pounds (Kftlbs); Volume: Barrels (bbls); Diameter: inches (in); Temperature: Fahrenheit; Jet Size: 1/32nds of an inch.

Set SI Units: Automatically sets the above units to match the standard SI unit scheme:

• Mud: Specific Gravity (SG); Length: Meters; Flow: Litres per min (LPM); Pressure: BAR; Weight: Metric Tons; Torque: Kilonewton meters (kNm); Volume: Barrels (bbls); Diameter: inches (in); Temperature: Celsius; Jet Size: 1/32nds of an inch.

Set Canadian Units: Automatically sets the above units to match the standard Canadian unit scheme:

• Mud: Kilograms per Cubic Meter (kg/m3); Length: Meters; Flow: Litres per min (LPM); Pressure: Kilopascals (KPa); Weight: Kilo-decanewtons (kdaN); Torque: Kilo-foot-pounds (Kftlbs); Volume: Barrels (bbls); Diameter: Millimeters (mm); Temperature: Celsius; Jet Size: Millimeters (mm).

4.4 – Options Menu

Figure 16: Options Menu

4.4.1 - Include Tool joints

This option selects whether the OD and ID of the tool joint is included in the calculations. This option only affects torque and drag and hydraulics calculations and by default is set to Yes.

4.4.2 - Include Stabilisers / Centralizers

This option enables or disables drill string stabilisers or casing centralisers in hydraulics and torque and drag calculations. By default, this option is set to Yes.

4.4.3 - Survey Calculation Method

Determines the survey calculation method used for the surveys entered in the Surveys tab on the main user interface. Options are Minimum Curvature, Radius of Curvature, Balanced Tangential and Tangential. By default, Minimum Curvature is selected.

4.4.4 - Include Drilling Data in Calculations

Option determines if data entered in the drilling data tab is used in the hydraulics and torque and drag calculations. If yes is selected the mud weight, mud rheology, ROP and RPM are used at the depths specified in the calculations. This option is useful for comparing field data to modelled data. By default, this option is set to Yes.

4.4.5 - Include Motor Bend in BHA Analysis

Determines if the motor bend is used in the BHA Analysis calculation. By default, this is set to Yes.

4.4.6 - Torque & Drag Model

Options which relate to the T&D calculations.

• Viscous Drag: Refers to the drag caused by pulling the string through the mud. This only affects the PU weights. Default is No.

• Buckling Friction: The additional friction added if the pipe is buckled and being pushed through the well. Only applies to SO weights. Default is No.

• Contact Surface Correction: Additional friction applied based on the surface area of the tubular touching the well bore i.e. casing has more friction because more surface area. Default is No.

• Calculate Casing Wear: If No is selected, there will be no output in the Casing Wear Plot. Default is Yes.

• Buckling Lines: User can select between Sliding & Rotary. This selection determines which buckling lines are displayed on the Tension On & Off Bottom Snapshot Charts. Default is Sliding.

• Buckling Model: Determines the way the Helical Buckling limit is calculated.

  • Conservative (Unloading Model): Sinusoidal limit x 1.4. This is the default.

  • Standard (Loading Model): Sinusoidal limit x 2.1

• Include Friction Reduction Subs: Friction reduction inputs are available in the DP & HWDP component details. This option determines whether these inputs are used in the calculation. Default is Yes.

• Include Overpull in stretch calcs: Stretch calculations will take into consideration the overpull entered in the Engineering Parameters tab. Default is No.

• Outer String Properties: Required input for Expandable Liner calculations.

Figure 17: Outer String Dialogue

Properties: This section allows the user to enter the outer string properties, which are used in the liner expansion calculation. The expanded OD and ID need to be added manually. This section models an inner string of tubing and a liner run as an outer string.

Friction Factors: The pick-up (PU) and Slack-off (SO) friction factors used in the calculation. These will override the friction factors entered in the main grid

Liner Shrinkage: The length difference expected between the expanded and un-expanded liner

Catalogue: This radio button takes the user to the Component Catalogue, where they can select the relevant component to add to the Properties section.

Calculate Shrinkage: This radio button runs the liner shrinkage calculation, and the results will be populated in the Liner Shrinkage section.

• Step Interval: Determines the interval between calculated points i.e. with a step interval of 10 outputs are generated every 10 meters or feet. This will be apparent when viewing the data tables. Default is 10 when unit length is Meters and is 30 when unit length is Feet or US Feet.

• Air Drilling: To be used when the section is air drilled. User enters the expected standpipe pressure here. This will calculate the additional string weight caused by drilling on air.

• Fluid Level: This option allows the user to select the fluid level in the wellbore. The depth entered is Measured Depth, and the program will assume no fluid from surface to this depth. Over this range, there will be no buoyancy factor considered, therefore the hookload will increase as a result.

Figure 18: Fluid Level Dialogue

Include Bow Spring Force: When bow spring centralizers are included on casing or liner runs, this option allows the user to select whether the bow spring force is included in the torque and drag calculation or not. Note that if a bow spring force has been entered, this will be included in the casing standoff calculation regardless of what is selected here.

4.4.7 - Hydraulics Model Options

Options which relate to the Hydraulics calculations. More specifically, the surge and swab calculations.

Figure 19: Surge and Swab Parameters

Surge and swab is calculated by breaking down the measured depth into sections of a given length (Stand Length), where 30m / 100ft is the default. The program then does a lumped surge and swab calculation over this course length, where the pipe accelerates from 0 to the desired trip speed and then decelerating back to zero.

The acceleration and deceleration phases are calculated based on the current trip speed being calculated, the higher the trip speed the larger the acceleration effect. The generated outputs in the plot and data table, are the maximum surge or minimum swab values calculated over this interval.

• Surge and Swab Parameters:

  • Mud Compressibility: A compressibility factor for the mud in 1/psi. Default for most oil based fluids is 3 x 10-6

  • 10m Gel Strength: 10 minute gel strength, used to calculate the additional surge pressure required to break down the gels. Default is 12.

  • Stand Length: Length of the stand used in the calculations. Default is 30m / 100ft.

• SnS: Include Pipe Acceleration: This option allows the user to include or exclude pipe acceleration. When this is included, the calculation will use an acceleration and deceleration phase for each stand length. When it is not included, the trip speed will be used for the whole stand with no acceleration or deceleration phase. Default is Off.

• SnS: Include Gel Strength Pressure Loss: Include the additional pressure required to break down the gels. This is normally fairly small. Default is Off.

• SnS: Continuous Circulation: Used to model coiled tubing. Assumes circulation while tripping, this means that swab affects will be less and surge effects will be more depending on flow rate. The first flow rate in the flow grid of the Engineering Parameters tab is used to determine the annular velocity generated by the circulating fluid. Default is Off.

• SnS: Limit Acceleration Effects: This option limits the additional surge pressures due to acceleration to a maximum of 2 x the current max surge pressure. This stops very large (artificial) equivalent mud weights being generated when very shallow. Default is On

• SnS: Continuous Tripping: This option assumes continuous tripping, and as a result will only calculate one acceleration phase (on the first stand length) and one deceleration phase (on the last stand length). This option is best used to model coiled tubing. Default is Off.

• SnS: Use Bit TFA for Open Ended Calcs: This option allows the user to use the bit TFA when running open ended surge and swab calculations. This will only work for assemblies which have a bit and a TFA entered. When this selection is off, the program uses the internal diameter of the last component. Default is Off.

• Pump Pressure Safety Factor: This option allows the user to increase the SPP by a specified percentage. Pipe Pressure Loss, Annular Pressure Loss and SPP values are all adjusted to reflect the input Safety Factor.

Figure 20: Pump Pressure Safety Factor Dialogue

• MPD Data: This option allows the user to enter a back pressure for Managed Pressure Drilling.

  • MPD Setup. The MPD Back Pressure is added as a fixed value to all of the SPP calculation totals and will also be reflected in the ECDs.

  • EMW Calculator: The user inputs the desired EMW increase at a specific TVD and the required back pressure to be applied is calculated. The user can then enter this value in the MPD setup.

Figure 21: MPD Data Dialog

• Riser Boost Rate: The boost flow rate across the riser is entered here. This additional flow in the riser annulus affects the annular pressure loss, annular velocity, hole cleaning and ECDs in the riser only. This in change in the riser values affects the SPP, annular pressure loss, hole cleaning and ECDs for the section. This is only applicable in wells where the Well Geometry includes a ‘Riser’. If the well geometry does not include a riser, any value entered here will have no effect on the calculated outputs.

Figure 22: Riser Boost Rate Dialog

4.4.8 - SAG Calculation Precision

Determines the number of decimal places displayed in the Inc SAG column in the raw surveys tab.

4.4.9 - Survey Precision

Determines the number of decimal places displayed in the MD, Inc and Azi columns in the Actual Surveys and Well Plan tabs.

4.4.10 - Default Chart Formatting

Allows the user to pre-set some of the default chart settings.

• Auto Chart Colours: User can select Yes or No. Yes sets the default line colours to the options selected in Customize Colours / Line Styles. No sets the default line colours to random.

• Auto Chart Line Styles: User can select Yes or No. Yes sets the default line styles to the options selected in Customize Colours / Line Styles. No sets the default line styles to random.

• Customize Colours / Line Styles: Allows the user to manually alter the default colour of lines based upon the chart type and the series. The user can also select a default line style for up to five variants of a series.

Figure 23: Pump Pressure Safety Factor Dialogue

4.4.11 - Cementing

The default flow rate in the Cementing tab is barrels per minute (bbls/min). This option allows the user to “Use flow units as pump rate”, which means the flow rate used in the cementing tab will match whatever the user has selected as the flow units from the units menu. This is useful when using the cementing section to simulate pumping pills etc.

4.4.12 - Show / Hide Parameter Columns

This affects the drilling data tab and allows columns to be shown / hidden. If a column is visible it will have a tick next to it. By default, all columns are visible.

4.4.13 - Raw survey QC Limits

Allows the user to change the default raw survey QC parameters. The default values are displayed below. This can only be accessed when Raw Surveys are selected in the Survey Selection drop down menu of the Surveys tab.

Figure 24: Raw survey QC limits

4.4.14 - Pressure Gradients

Selecting this option displays a dialog which allows pore pressure, fracture gradient, casing burst and collapse pressures to be displayed.

Figure 25: Pressure Gradients Dialog

Depth Input: Determines the depth input for the Pore and Fracture Pressure.

Figure 26: Depth Input

Surveys: This selection relates to the pore and fracture pressure sections. Whatever depth (MD or TVD) is input in these sections, the other value is interpolated from the survey selection.

Figure 27: Surveys

Graph Setup: User can choose between MD & TVD for the Y-axis and Pressure & EMW for the X-axis.

Figure 28: Graph Setup

Pore Pressure: The user can enter the MD or TVD, along with the relevant Pore Pressure. This can be entered as Pressure or EMW, based on the selected input. The corresponding value will be automatically calculated based on these inputs. In the Permeable Zone column, the user can choose from a choice of yes or no. Permeable zones are used for casing design and is used to calculate the external pressure profile named permeable zones.

Figure 29: Pore Pressure

Fracture Pressure: The user can enter the MD or TVD, along with the relevant Fracture Pressure. This can be entered as Pressure or EMW, based on the selected input. The corresponding value will be automatically calculated based on these inputs.

Figure 30: Fracture Pressure

Casing Seat Calculation: This section calculates the optimum setting depths for casings based on the pore and fracture pressures. The program picks a suitable mud weight to drill with and picks the fewest mud weights to get from top to bottom.

Figure 31: Casing Seat Calculation

• Trip Margin: The input value is added to all the pore pressure values and plotted on the pressure gradients plot. This is a safety factor which takes into consideration reductions in the EMW while tripping out. When entered, the casing seat calculations will take this value into account.

• Kick Tolerance: The input value is subtracted from all the fracture pressure values and plotted on the pressure gradients plot. This is a safety factor which takes into consideration increases in the EMW while tripping in. When entered, the casing seat calculations will take this value into account.

• Analysis Type: This affects the way the program carries out the casing seat calculation. User can choose between Top Down or Bottom Up. When Top Down is selected, the calculation begins at surface and works its way down. With Bottom Up, the calculation begins at the deepest depth and works its way to surface. The results can vary slightly depending on the analysis type selected.

Casing Design: Opens the Casing Design dialog. For more information on the casing design dialogue see Section 4.5.11: Casing Design.

Well Control: This section deals with Well Control and basic well control calculations, such as maximum allowable annulus surface pressure MAASP. Calculate the required kill mud weight by entering the shut-in drill pipe pressure, and kick tolerance can be calculated in both barrels and ppg.

Figure 32: Well Control

Shoe: Depth of the Casing Shoe, entered as MD. The corresponding TVD and inclination will be populated based on the survey selected. The Pore and Fracture pressure will also be automatically populated, based on the data entered in these sections.

Open Hole: The open hole depth at which the calculation will be run. The corresponding TVD and inclination will be populated based on the survey selected. The Pore and Fracture pressure will also be automatically populated, based on the data entered in these sections.

Hydrostatic: The Hydrostatic Pressure in psi expected at the shoe and open hole depths entered.

Influx Gradient: The expected pressure gradient for the influx fluid (gas is usually expressed as 0.1 psi / ft)

Safety Margin: The safety margin in psi

Kick IF: The kick Intensity Factor. This value represents the value of the kick above the pore pressure. This is an input.

SW Density: Sea Water Density. This is used for riser less drilling calculations. The value displayed here is the one entered in the Engineering Tab on the main screen.

Ann Cap: The Annular Capacity in bbls/ft or bbls/m. This value is generated based on the hole size and the BHA OD

MAASP: Maximum Allowable Annulus Surface Pressure

MASP (Pore): Maximum allowable surface pressure based on the maximum pore pressure

MASP (Frac): Maximum allowable surface pressure which will not fracture the weak point

Kick Pressure (psi): Expected kick pressure in psi

Kick Pressure (ppg): Expected kick pressure expressed in EMW

Kick Tolerance (bbls): The volume of influx that can be tolerated in bbls. This is a calculated value.

Kick Tolerance (ppg): The volume of influx that can be tolerated in ppg. This is a calculated value

Swabbed KT: Kick tolerance for a swabbed kick (no ECD)

Operator KT: The operators kick tolerance

Pit Gain: Expected pit gain before the well is shut in

SCR: Slow circulating rate pressure

SIDP: Shut in Drill Pipe Pressure.

ICP: Initial Choke Pressure

Water Depth: If the well is offshore this is the water depth

CLF: Choke line friction pressure

SCIP: Shut in casing pressure

FCP: Final Choke Pressure.

Air Gap: Rig air gap expressed as the RKB to the top of the flow line or MSL if drilling riserless

Pump Out: Pump output expressed in bbls/stk

Kill MW: Kill Mud Weight. This is the calculated mud weight required to kill the well.

Riser Margin: The riser margin represents the increase in mud weight required to compensate for loss of hydrostatic head if the riser is disconnected.

MW: Mud weight of the mud in the current hole section

KT Sensitivity: This radio button opens the Kick Tolerance Sensitivity Analysis Plot.

Figure 33: Kick Tolerance Sensitivity Analysis Plot

Pump Output: This radio button opens the Pump Data dialogue, which is explained in more detail in the Tools section of this manual.

Pressure Gradients Chart: This chart displays a graphical output of the data entered in this section. The chart can be manipulated and exported in the same way as all the other charts in Engineering.

Figure 34: Pressure Gradients Chart

4.4.15 - Temperature Gradients

This section is for reference and the inputs do not currently have any effect on any of the calculations. Four temperature profiles are plotted on the Temperature Gradients Chart: Static, Drilling, Cementing and Production.

Figure 35: Temperature Profile Dialog

Temperature Gradients: The values input in this section directly relate to the Static Temperature. The other three temperatures are calculated based on these values.

• Surface Temperature: The temperature at surface. This will be the starting point on the X-Axis for the Static Temperature line.

• Water Depth: The depth of the water when drilling offshore. This option is activated when the offshore box is checked.

• Water Gradient: The gradient of the water temperature. This option is activated when the offshore box is checked. NOTE: this can be a negative value.

• Temp Gradient: The temperature gradient from surface / mudline.

• Multiple Gradients: When checked, the user can input as many temperature gradients as required.

• Interpolation: User can interpolate the Static, Drilling, Cementation and Production temperatures, at any given MD or TVD.

Temperature Profiles: The formulae used to create the four temperature profiles modelled in this section are detailed below.

Static Temperature Profile:

Onshore: Td -st = Ts + DGst (eqn 1)

Where

• Td-st = static temperature of interested depth (F or C)

• Ts= surface temperature (F or C)

• D = true vertical depth of interest (ft or m)

• Gst = geothermal gradient in degree per depth unit (F/100ft or C/30m)

Offshore: Td -st = Tml + (D - Dw )Gst (eqn 2)

Where

• Td-st = static temperature of interested depth (F or C)

• Tml = mud line temperature (F or C)

• Dw = water depth (ft or m)

• D = true vertical depth of interest (ft or m)

• Gst = geothermal gradient in degree per depth unit (F/100ft or C/30m)

Cementing Temperature Profile:

Tb-circ = (1.342 - 0.2228Gst )Tb-st + 33.54Gst -102.1 (eqn 3)

Tb-cmt = Tb circ + (Tb-st – Tb-circ) / 4 (eqn 4)

Ts-cmt = Ts + 0.3(Tb-cmt - Ts) (eqn 5)

Where

• Tb-circ = bottom hole circulating temperature (°F)

• Ts= surface temperature (°F)

• Gst = geothermal gradient (°F/100ft)

• Tb-cmt = bottom hole as cemented temperature (°F)

• Ts-cmt = surface as cemented temperature (°F)

Drilling Temperature Profile:

Ts-d = 0.9Tb-st – ⅔DSOH(0.8Gst)/100 (eqn 6)

TDSOH -d = 0.95Tb-st (eqn 7)

Where:

Ts-d = drilling temperature at surface (°F)

TDSOH-d = drilling temperature at the depth of deepest subsequent open hole (°F)

Tb-st = bottom hole static temperature (°F)

DSOH = deepest subsequent open hole depth (ft)

Gst = geothermal gradient (°F/100ft)

Production Temperature Profile:

For production casing

Ts-p = 0.95Tb-st – ⅔Dp(0.7Gst)/100 (eqn 8)

For tubing

Ts-p = 0.95Tb-st – ⅔Dp(0.5Gst)/100 (eqn 9)

Where:

Ts-p = surface production temperature (°F)

Tb-st = bottom hole static temperature (°F)

Dp = depth of production zone (ft)

Gst = geothermal gradient (°F/100ft)

4.4.16 - Pipe Tensile Yield Limits

Allows the user to enter a pipe size and yield limit into the grid. This can then be displayed on any of the charts via the add additional series button. This input does not affect any calculation. It is instead a reference which can be added to the required charts.

Figure 36: Pipe Yield Limits dialog

4.4.17 - Add Tortuosity

This option allows the user to add tortuosity to a plan or survey. This option will be greyed out unless the user is in the Surveys tab on the main screen. This option is only available for Actual and Well Plan surveys and cannot be used with raw surveys. In some situations, it may be necessary to add tortuosity to a well plan or survey to better simulate real life conditions. Well plans which contain purely vertical sections are a typical example of this. See Section 7.5.1: Tortuosity for more details.

4.5 – Tools Menu

Figure 37: Tools Menu

4.5.1 – Quick Bit Hydraulics

Access the quick bit hydraulics tool. This allows bit hydraulics to be calculated without having to enter all the details for a complete hydraulics calculation.

Figure 38: Bit hydraulics calculator

Enter the bit jet details into the jets grid. The left-hand column is the size of the jet and the right hand column is for the number of that particular jet size. If you do not know the exact jet details, click the fixed TFA check box and enter the TFA into the edit box.

Enter the flow rate, mud weight and the bit size in to the edit boxes in the parameters section. The units can be adjusted from the combo boxes in the units frame. This does not affect the units in the main project. The results are displayed in the results section. Note that all data entered in this calculator will be reset when the dialogue is closed.

4.5.2 – Interpolate

This option is only available if the surveys tab is selected, and is only available for Actual and Well Plan surveys and cannot be used with raw surveys. It allows the user to perform both MD and TVD interpolations from which ever survey grid is currently active. This is determined by the survey selection combo on the survey tab.

Figure 39: Interpolate Dialog

Enter a depth into either the MD or TVD cell to perform the interpolation. Interpolations for multiple depths can be performed simply by typing a value in to the next available blank line. The results can be exported to a tab delimited text file by clicking on the export button. Alternatively, the contents of the grid can be copied by selecting the cells of interest and pressing Ctrl + C.

4.5.3 – Pump Data

This gives the user access to the Pump Data dialog.

Figure 40: Pump Output Dialog

The pump output in barrels / stroke can be calculated by entering the pump liner size, stroke length and pump efficiency. By default, the efficiency is set to 97%. Select if the pump type being used is duplex or triplex from the pump type combo box.

Pump liner size and rating can also be input here. This can then be displayed on any of the charts via the add additional series button. This input does not affect any calculation. It is instead a reference which can be added to the required charts.

4.5.4 – Pipe Length Calculator

A calculator which lets the user calculate the total length of pipe by entering the nominal length of 1 joint of pipe along with the number of joints.

Figure 41: Pipe Length Calculator Dialogue

4.5.5 – Tubular Properties Calculator

Allows the user to calculate the tubular properties of Drill Pipe, Casing and Tubing.

Figure 42: Tubular Properties Calculator Dialogue

Tubular Details: Where the user enters the details of the relevant tubular.

Tubular Type: Select Drill Pipe, Casing or Tubing from the drop-down menu.

Material Grade: Select the appropriate grade of steel from the drop-down menu

Yield Strength: The yield strength of the pipe, based on the selected Material Grade

OD: Outside Diameter of the pipe

ID: Inside Diameter of the pipe

Wall Thickness: Wall thickness of the pipe. New pipe will be 100%

Axial Tension: The Axial Tension expected on the tubular (+ve for tension and -ve for compression). This value affects the Results and Collapse Modes output.

Capacity: Internal Capacity of the pipe in barrels per foot

Closed Disp: Closed end displacement of the pipe in barrels per foot.

Open Disp: Open ended displacement of the pipe in barrels per foot. This is the Closed Displacement minus the Capacity.

Calculated Coefficients: The coefficients used for the collapse calculation (see API 5CT)

Casing Connection: This section allows the user to select the appropriate Casing connection and is only available to edit when Casing is selected from the Tubular Type drop-down in the Tubular Details section. The Material Grade can be selected on the main dialogue and the Casing Connection Selector Dialogue can be accessed from the Select Connection radio button.

Figure 43: Casing Connection Selector Dialogue

Connection types are selected from the top menu. This selection will populate the bottom table with the relevant tubular sizes, which can be selected by the user. Highlighting the relevant line and pressing select, closes the window and populates the casing connection values.

Collapse Modes: See API 5CT

Triaxial Altered Strengths Chart: This chart plots a comparison of the Triaxial Altered Loads with the API Load Window. This shows the adjusted burst and collapse pressures when tension or compression is applied.

Figure 44: Triaxial Altered Strength Chart

4.5.6 – Component Catalogue

Displays the Component Catalogue. This can also be accessed from the toolbar on the main page and by right clicking on the drill string grid on the first tab of the main screen and selecting “Select from library” from the context menu. This enables the “Insert into Drill String” button and the details of the selected library item will be added to the selected row of the drill string grid. Custom items can be added by clicking the “add new” button and items can be removed by clicking the delete button. Note that if the program is re installed all customizations will be lost. To prevent this from happening the catalogue file should be copied (located in the install directory) and the default catalogue replaced with the customised one after the install.

Figure 45: Component Catalogue

4.5.7 – Pipe Class Editor

This dialogue shows the percentage wall thickness of the different classes of Drill Pipe. The industry standard values are included. These values are editable and affect torque and drag buckling calculations.

Figure 46: Pipe Class Editor Dialogue

4.5.8 – Standoff Optimisation Parameters

These inputs affect the casing standoff calculation.

Figure 47: Standoff Optimisation Dialogue

• Desired Standoff: This is the standoff which will be calculated when Optimise Standoff is selected

• Max Step Value: The minimum step value between one optimum spacing and the next. Engineering looks at the required spacing values which provide the desired standoff, and groups similar values (which land within the step range) together to provide a single optimum spacing output for each of these points. This is basically a smoothing parameter. Larger step values encompass more of the optimum spacing values providing more of a smoothing effect.

• Max Spacing: The spacing value at which no centralisers will be recommended. This affects the Centralizer Spacing Summary in the Standoff Summary Report.

4.5.9 – Well Schematic

This shows a graphical representation of the well geometry section on the first tab of the main screen. Depending on the size of the screen the user has, this may already be visible in a pane at the right of the screen. Due to the limited size of most laptop screens, this schematic will be hidden from view to maximise the rest of the interface.

Figure 48: Well Schematic

4.5.10 – Multi-Station Analysis

This opens the Multi Station Analysis (MSA) dialogue and is only available to select when raw surveys are selected in the survey tab on the main screen.

Figure 49: Multi Station Analysis Dialogue

Magnetics: Mostly populated from the values entered in the raw survey data section of the surveys tab. Only the HL Ref can be edited from this screen. This cell contains the HL value entered on the main surveys tab but, can be edited here if a more accurate value is supplied e.g. from an IFR model.

Vertical Section: Populated from the values entered in the vertical section cells of the surveys tab. These cells can’t be edited from this dialogue.

MSA Parameters: The user can select the required Bias and SF start, stop and Step values. If the LSQ fit does not show a good curve with a minimum found these values can be adjusted to extend the range of the calculation. Changing the step size can speed up / slow down the calculation but a smaller step size can increase the accuracy.

QC Parameters: Populated from the values entered in the raw survey QC limits. These cells can’t be edited from this dialogue.

MSA QC Parameters: Populated from the values entered in the raw survey QC limits. These cells can’t be edited from this dialogue.

Pseudo Bias/SF: Calculated X, Y & Z magnetometer Bias and Scale results. Only populated after Calculate MSA radio button has been clicked.

Override Correction: When this box is ticked the user can manually edit the Bias X, Y, Z and Scale X, Y, Z values.

Apply Gt Weighting: Surveys at a higher inclination are given more weighting in the calculation than surveys at lower inclinations. This is because they have more of an effect on azimuth. Ticking this box defines if the weighting is applied.

Values in Use: The user can choose which values to use for the calculation:

• Azimuth: This selection determines which azimuth is used in the survey calculation and only affects TVD, NS, EW, VS, DLS etc. Choose between MSA, SCC and RAW.

• Inclination: This selection determines which inclination is used in the survey calculation and only affects TVD, NS, EW, VS, DLS etc. Choose between RAW and SAG Corrected.

Calculate MSA: This selection runs the MSA calculation.

Select All: Selects all the survey stations in the survey grid.

Un-Select All: Un-Selects all the survey stations in the survey grid.

Survey Grid: All raw surveys entered into the surveys tab on the main screen will be entered in this grid when the dialogue is first opened. The MSA columns will then be populated once the calculate MSA radio button has been selected. As with the main survey grid, all values out of spec will be highlighted red. Additionally the Uncor Azi, Azi SCC and MSA Azi columns are highlighted blue for easy of comparison. In the event that the MSA calculation is run and an MSA Azi value is out with the QC Parameters then that surveys MSA Azi will be highlighted red. If the MZA Azi is within QC Parameters but out with MSA QC Parameters then that surveys MSA Azi will be highlighted orange.

At the left-hand side of the screen, if required the user can deselect any survey station which is out of spec. Once the relevant surveys have been deselected it is possible to rerun the calculation. The lines which have been deselected will have blank cells in the MSA columns, and this station will not be included in the calculation.

File Menu: At the top left of the MSA dialogue are the File and View toolbar menu options, which gives the user a range of additional reporting and chart options relating to the MSA calculation.

Figure 50: MSA File Menu

Print PDF Report: This generates a PDF report which includes the MSA results, Magnetics, Pseudo Bias & SF values and a listing of the corrected surveys. Note that any stations which were deselected will not appear in this listing, and that this report is NOT available from the Print Reports section. The following charts are also included in the report: BH BV Scatter Plot, B Total Comparison, MSA Azimuth Comparison, Dip Comparison, HSTF v Azimuth Correction, Corrected vs Uncorrected surveys (Plan and Section View) and GT Plot.

Print Excel Report: This generates an Excel report which includes a Survey Comparison, Uncorrected Surveys and Corrected Surveys tab. The same charts included in the PDF report are also included in the excel report.

Export: Exports the main MSA data table, as displayed on the main MSA interface. This can be exported as a .txt or Excel file.

Exit: Closes the MSA Dialogue

View Menu: The View menu contains QA/QC and other tools to evaluate the data.

Figure 51: MSA View Menu

LSQ Data: Shows the data from the Least Squares Fit charts.

Figure 52: LSQ Data Table

Azimuth Comparison Chart: Provides the user with a visual representation of the Uncorrected azimuth against the SCC corrected azimuth and the MSA azimuth.

Figure 53: Azimuth Comparison Chart

HL Comparison Chart: Gives the user a visual representation of the reference HL against the measured (uncorrected) HL and the SCC & MSA corrected HL values. The chart also includes the tolerance lines which make it very easy to quickly identify any points which are out with the QC parameters

Figure 54: HL Comparison Chart

Dip Comparison Chart: Gives the user a visual representation of the reference Dip against the measured (uncorrected) Dip and the SCC & MSA corrected Dip values. The chart also includes the tolerance lines which make it very easy to quickly identify any points which are out with the QC parameters

Figure 55: Dip Comparison Chart

BH BV Scatter Plot: Shows the horizontal and vertical components of the sensor readings plotted against the QC values. Ideally, they should all reside within the limits

Figure 56: BH BV Scatter Plot

LQS Chart: Shows the least squares fit. If a V shape curve is seen the minimum has been found and the calculation is a success. If any one of the charts does not show a “minimum found” the calculation must be re-run.

Figure 57: LQS Chart

TF vs Azimuth Correction Plot: This Chart plots the difference in the RAW and MSA corrected azimuths against the HSTF recorded when the survey was taken. This chart gives a good visual representation of the number of surveys taken in each quadrant. For best results, an even spread is ideal, but it is essential that there are at least some survey points in each quadrant.

Figure 58: TF vs Azimuth Correction Plot

Delta Azi Plot: The Delta Azi Plot shows the difference in azimuth between the MSA and RAW azimuth and the SCC and RAW azimuth.

Figure 59: Delta Azi Plot

Delta Dip Plot: The Delta Dip Plot shows the difference in the dip between the MSA and RAW dip and the SCC and RAW dip.

Figure 60: Delta Dip Plot

Delta HL Plot: The Delta HL Plot shows the difference in the HL between the MSA and RAW dip and the SCC and RAW dip.

Figure 61: Delta HL Plot

Corrected vs Uncorrected Surveys – Plan View Plot: This plot shows the difference between the corrected and uncorrected surveys in the plan view.

Figure 62: Corrected vs Uncorrected Surveys – Plan View Plot

Corrected vs Uncorrected Surveys – Section View Plot: This plot shows the difference between the corrected and uncorrected surveys in the section view.

Figure 63: Corrected vs Uncorrected Surveys – Section View Plot

GT Plot: The GT Plot shows the measured GT values against the value entered in the magnetics section.

Figure 64: GT Plot

Show Labels on Scatter: Selecting this option, displays labels on the BH BV Scatter plot.

Report Options: Allows the user to select which plots to include in the reports.

4.5.11 – Casing Design

This function is not currently supported but will be in a future release.

4.5.12 – Create Tally / BHA Sheet

This section allows the user to enter multiple BHAs, a Liner Tally, a Work String Tally and an Inner String Tally, and then create an output report which contains the details, including graphics.

Figure 65: Tally / BHA data Dialogue

The user can import the BHA directly from the Drill String section on the main screen by selecting the Import BHA radio button at the bottom right of the screen. The only things which need to be input manually are the Component Type, Fish Neck OD and Fish Neck Length.

4.5.13 – Jar Placement

This opens the Jar Placement Dialog.

Figure 66: Jar Placement Dialog

The Jar Placement dialog displays all the information and results relevant to the jar placement module.

Drill String

Figure 67: Drill String Section

Non-editable display of the drill string entered in the Drill String section of the main UI. Jars are highlighted in green and accelerators in orange.

Jar Data

Figure 68: Jar Data Section

Non-editable display of the jar and accelerator component details entered in the Drill String section of the main UI. Only Stroke and Mandrel Area affect the jar placement results. All other cells are for reference only.

• Stroke: This is the free stroke length and is used in the impact and impulse calculations.

• Mandrel Area: Is used in the pump open force calculation.

Drilling Data

Figure 69: Drilling Data Section

Non-editable display of drilling data used in the jar placement calculations.

• Hole Depth: Value taken from the deepest MD entered in the Well Geometry section of the main UI. Dictates the deepest depth that the neutral point calculation is run.

• Mud Weight: Value from the Fluid Properties, Mud Weight cell. Used in the buoyancy factor calculation.

• Buoyancy Factor: Calculated using the below formula.

  • BF = 1 – (MW/k)

  • Where BF is buoyancy factor, MW is mud weight and k is a (mud weight unit dependant) constant. Buoyancy factor is used in the neutral point and jarring results calculations.

• Flow Rate: Value from the Engineering Parameters tab. If manual flow increment is selected, the first flow rate entered will be used in the calculation. If the automatic range is selected, the flow rate entered in line 3 will be used. Used in the pump open force calculation.

• WOB: Value from Torque and Drag sections WOB Rotate cell. Used in the neutral point calculation.

• Hole Size: Value from Well Geometry, Open Hole, ID cell. Used in the Jar Size Check and Jarring Results calculations.

• Inclination at Bit: Interpolated inclination from the survey listing at the Hole Depth. Used in the Weight Below Jar BHL (Air)/(Mud) calculation.

Jar Checklist

Figure 70: Jar Checklist

Non-editable display of calculated data.

• Jar Size Check: A pass or fail check based upon the jar size and the hole size. This is to confirm that the correct OD jar has been chosen for the given hole size. Note that a Fail in this cell has NO effect on the jarring calculations, which will be run regardless. All this cell does is highlights to the user if the size of the jar selected is suitable for the hole size based on a checklist which can be fully edited by the user. This is a warning and no more.

• Jar is in: TENSION or COMPRESSION. Based upon the input data, this cell shows whether the jar is currently in tension or compression.

• Weight Below Jar Vertical (Air): The weight below the jar in a vertical well in the absence of a drilling fluid. Calculated by the sum of the component weights (input in the Drill String section of the main UI) beneath the jar.

• Weight Below Jar Vertical (Mud): The weight below the jar in a vertical well, taking in to account the buoyancy effect of the drilling fluid. Calculated by multiplying the Weight Below Jar Vertical (Air) by the buoyancy factor.

• Weight Below Jar BHL (Air): The weight below the jar at the bottom hole location (the bit depth) in the absence of a drilling fluid. Calculated by multiplying the Weight Below Jar Vertical (Air) by the cosine of the Inclination at Bit.

• Weight Below Jar BHL (Mud): The weight below the jar at the bottom hole location (the bit depth), taking in to account the buoyancy effect of the drilling fluid. Calculated by multiplying the Weight Below Jar Vertical (Mud) by the cosine of the Inclination at Bit.

• Pump Open Force: The force generated by the flow of drilling fluid through the BHA that acts to open the jar. Calculated by the bit pressure loss multiplied by the Mandrel Area.

• Neutral Point: The MD of the point in the drill string that transitions from compression to tension based upon the input data. This is directly affected by the WOB.

• Jar to Bit: The distance from the top of the jar to the face of the bit.

• Accelerator to Bit: The distance from the top of the accelerator to the face of the bit.

Pump Open Force Chart

The pump open force chart displays the pump open force versus the flow rate. The green vertical line depicts the currently selected flow rate.

Figure 71: Pump Open Force Chart

Neutral Point Road Map

The neutral point chart is a neutral point road map, which shows the WOB to avoid at every depth along the well path. The centre of the red area represents the neutral point. The red section represents a ±5% safety margin, and the orange area represents a ±10% safety margin. This gives the personnel on the job a WOB range to avoid for any given MD along the entire well path. Note that the 5% and 10% margins are the default values, but these can be changed based on user requirements via the settings menu.

Figure 72: Neutral Point Road Map

Jarring Up Chart

The jarring up chart displays the calculated jarring up impulse and impact at the jar, versus hook load.

Figure 73: Jarring Up Chart

Jarring Down Chart

The jarring down chart displays the calculated jarring down impulse and impact at the jar, versus hook load. The area shaded in red indicates the hook load range in which the string is modelled as being helically buckled. The buckling will occur at some point in the drill string above the jar and simply indicates that it may not be possible to transmit the required weight to cock / fire the jar. This range is indicated in the jarring results table by lines highlighted in Orange.

Figure 74: Jarring Down Chart

Jarring Results Table

Figure 75: Jarring Results Table

The jarring results table showing the results of the jarring calculations. These results are the source of the data that is plotted in the Jarring Up and Jarring Down charts. Note, that in the jarring down section of the results table, any lines which are highlighted in orange, indicate the hook load range in which the string is modelled as being helically buckled. The buckling will occur at some point in the drill string above the jar and simply indicates that it may not be possible to transmit the required weight to cock / fire the jar. This range is represented in the jarring down chart by the red shaded area.

• HKLD @ Fire: The surface hook load used to fire the jar This takes in to account the string weight and pick up forces which need to be overcome before the jar starts to have overpull applied. The calculation assumes CHFF 0.15 and OHFF 0.25.

• OP @ Surf: The overpull registered at surface for a given hook load.

• OP @ Jar: The overpull at the jar for a given hook load. This takes in to account the effects of drag.

• Wt @ Surf: The weight registered at surface for a given hook load.

• Wt @ Jar: The weight at the jar for a given hook load. This takes in to account the effects of drag.

• Impact @ Jar: The impact at the jar resulting from the jar firing when the associated hook load is registered at surface. Calculated utilising the length of the drill collars above the jar, the stroke length of the jar, the overpull/weight applied and the drag in the hole.

• Impulse @ Jar: The impulse at the jar resulting from the jar firing when the associated hook load is registered at surface. Calculated as the integral of impact force with respect to time.

• Impact @ SP: The impact at the stuck point (the bit) resulting from the jar firing when the associated hook load is registered at surface. Calculated utilising the length of the drill collars above the jar, the stroke length of the jar, the overpull/weight applied, the drag in the hole and the distance between the jar and the stuck point.

• Impulse @ SP: The impulse at the stuck point (the bit) resulting from the jar firing when the associated hook load is registered at surface. Calculated as the integral of impact force with respect to time.

File Menu

Within the Jar Placement dialog, the user can output the following via the File Menu:

• Jar placement report

• The jarring results table data

• Any of the charts present.

Print Report

The user selects File > Print Report. This generates a report which can be saved to pdf format.

Figure 76: Jarring Report

The report includes all the data and charts displayed within the Jar Placement dialog.

Print Results Grid to Text File

Exports the data in the Jarring Results table in a .txt file format.

Figure 77: Jarring Results Table

Export Charts

Additionally, the user can export any of the charts individually using the right click context menu and selecting Export Dialog.

Settings Menu

The settings Menu gives the user access to the Jar Placement Settings dialog.

The Jar Placement Settings dialog is where the user can adjust the jar check size and neutral point chart safety factors.

Figure 78: Jar Placement Settings Dialog

Jar Check Size: The user can enter the jar sizes and the relevant minimum and maximum hole sizes the jars are suitable to be run in. This information will be displayed on the main Jar Placement dialog in the jar checklist section. These sizes will also be used by the program for the Jar Size Check, where the user will be informed if the jar they have entered into the drill string is suitable, based on the hole size selected.

Neutral Point Safety Factors: The safety factors entered here are represented on the neutral point chart on the main Jar Placement dialog.

• Safety factor 1 is represented by the red highlighted area

• Safety factor 2 is the orange area displayed on either side of the neutral point line.

The default values are 5% and 10% respectively but can be changed here, as per the user’s requirements.

Impulse/Impact Charts X Axis Hookload: When checked, the X axis of the Jarring Up and Down charts will represent the Hookload at surface. If unchecked, the X axis will represent the relevant Overpull (Jarring Up) and Slack Off (Jarring Down) values.

4.5.14 – Auto Fill Pump Out Force

The Auto Fill Pump Out Force tool, allows the user to calculate the flow rate required in order to generate enough force to pump out a casing shoe auto fill device.

Figure 79: Auto Fill Pump Out Force Dialog

Diameter of Ball: The diameter of the ball being dropped in the string

ID of Autofill: The internal diameter of the Autofill

Number of Slots: The number of slots in the autofill

Slot Width: The width of the slots in the autofill

Flow Rate: The flow rate at which the force will be calculated

Mud Weight: Mud weight

Flow By Area No Ball: Flow by area in the autofill when there is no ball

Flow by Area: Flow by area in the autofill when the ball has been seated

Pressure Drop: The pressure drop generate by the restriction created by the ball

Force: The force created by the pressure drop

4.5.15 – Packer Setting Analysis

In a deviated well, when weight is slacked off (SO) at surface, depending on the well trajectory, the BHA, the mud and the friction in the hole, this weight is not always transmitted all the way down the string. This dialog allows the user to calculate the slack off weight required at surface to achieve a given slack off at a certain point in the string. The calculation will be run against the actual surveys in the surveys tab. If no surveys are entered, then the calculation will use the Well Plan.

Figure 80: Packer Setting Analysis Dialog

Packer Setting Weight: The Slack Off (SO) weight required to set the packer.

Packer Distance from Btm: The distance of the packer from the bottom of the drill string. For this calculation, Engineering uses the drill string entered in the drill string tab.

String Depth: The string depth entered in the T&D section of the Engineering Parameters tab, this is the depth at which the calculation will be run.

Results: This section will display an output for each of the friction factors entered in the Engineering Parameters Tab.

• Hookload: The hookload expected at surface when the relevant slack off weight is applied.

• SO Weight: The slack off (SO) weight actually required at surface to achieve the Packer Setting Weight entered, based on the packers position in the string, which is determined by the value entered in the Packer Distance from Btm cell.

Well Schematic: The Well Schematic is generated using the information entered in the Well Geometry and the Drill String sections of the main user interface.

4.5.16 – Pass Through Dogleg

The pass through dogleg dialog allows the user to calculate the maximum dogleg a certain length of tool can pass through before binding on the ID of the wellbore. It also shows the maximum length of tool which can pass through a given dogleg.

Figure 81: Pass Through Dogleg Dialog

Controls

• Tool Max OD: The maximum outside diameter of the tool being run

• Hole Size: The size of the hole the tool is being run in.

• Tool Length: The length of the tool being run.

Chart

• Actual DLS: The doglegs taken from the Actual Surveys entered in the surveys tab. If no actual surveys have been entered the program will use the doglegs from the Well Plan. Note that doglegs from the RAW survey are not displayed on this chart; if no actual surveys or well plan data is available, the actual DLS will display as zero.

• Max Tool Length: The maximum tool length which can pass through the actual dogleg at the given depth

• Critical DLS: The maximum dogleg the tool for a specified length can pass through

4.5.17 – Mud / Buoyancy Factor Calculation

The Mud / Buoyancy calculation dialog allows the user to quickly calculate the buoyancy factor for single and multiple fluids along with the hydrostatic pressure.

Figure 82: Mud Calculation Dialog

Single Fluid Buoyancy Factor

User enters the mud weight and the Buoyancy Factor is automatically calculated.

Multi Fluid Buoyancy Factor

User enters the OD and ID of the string along with the External and Internal Fluid weight and the Buoyancy Factor is automatically calculated.

Hydrostatic Pressure

User enters the mud weight and the TVD and the Hydrostatic Pressure is automatically calculated.

4.5.18 – EDR Data File Parser

The EDR Data File Parser allows the user to import external data into the Drilling Data tab and apply some basic data processing.

When selected, the program will ask the user to select a data file to open. Data can be imported from tab and space delimited .txt files, comma delimited .csv files, Excel spreadsheets and .las files. Once a data file is selected the EDR Data Parser window will open:

Figure 83: EDR Data Parser window

Imported data is displayed in the lower window. Processing tools for each column of data are displayed in the top window. Note that the Process Data button must be pressed before any of the data processing tools are applied.

Mapping: Use this dropdown box to assign the data in the column to the correct parameter. Mapping must be assigned to export the data to the Drilling Data tab.

Max Val: Any values in the column larger than this value will be ignored.

Min Val: Any values in the column smaller than this value will be ignored.

Rolling Average: Applies a rolling average to each data point in the column, based on previous data points. The number entered in the Rolling Average field defines how many previous data points are used in the calculation.

Reload File: Resets the data to its original state before any data processing has been applied.

Process Data: Applies Maximum Value, Minimum Value and Rolling Average settings to the data.

Export to File: Exports the processed data to an external file. Data can be saved as tab and space delimited .txt files, comma delimited .csv files, Excel spreadsheets and .las files.

Export to Params: Exports the processed data to the Drilling Data tab. Note: This action deletes all existing data in the Drilling Data tab.

# Data Points: Sets the interval of imported data points. For example: selecting an interval of 1 will import every line of data. Selecting an interval of 2 will import every other line.

Null Value: Sets the value used to signify a null value or ‘no data’ in a cell. This should match the null value used in the file being imported. By default it is -999.25.

4.6 – Calculate Menu

Figure 84: Calculate Menu

This menu allows the various module calculations to be performed. Depending on the license purchased not all options may be available. Note that “Torque and Drag Snapshot” will only run the calculation for the snapshot charts. This can be used to cut down calculation time when playing about with different pipe configurations in long extended reach wells where buckling is present.

4.6.1 – Wellpath Magnetic Interference

This option allows the user to check the current BHA configuration to see if there is adequate non-magnetic spacing above and below the sensor. The calculation uses the BHA entered in the drill string tab and will run against whichever survey selection (Actual Surveys, Well Plan, Raw Surveys) is being displayed in the Surveys tab at the time.

Figure 85: Wellpath Magnetics Results Dialogue

Azimuth: The azimuth displayed is referenced to Magnetic North and will therefore look different when compared to the azimuth that was entered in the plan (which could be referenced to Grid or True North). The correction applied to the input azimuth is automatic and is based on the Geomagnetic data that you have entered in the Raw Survey Data Section.

Delta Bz: The expected error between the Theoretical Bz and the Measured Bz (from MWD) for raw, uncorrected surveys.

Delta Azimuth: The expected error in the raw uncorrected azimuth reading, <0.25 degrees is considered acceptable

Delta Dip: The expected error between the calculated dip (from the geo-mag data) and the actual measured value (from MWD). This will be highlighted in red if the value is greater than the tolerance entered in the QC Limits dialog (see Options menu).

Delta HL: The expected error between the calculated magnetic field strength (from the geo-mag data) and the actual measured value (from MWD). This will be highlighted in red if the value is greater than the tolerance entered in the QC Limits dialog (see Options menu).

Theoretical Bz: The theoretical magnetic field strength expected in the Z axis with no interference.

SCC Delta Azi: The expected error in the SCC corrected azimuth, <0.5 degrees is considered acceptable. This is affected by the Latitude entered in the Raw Survey Data section.

The P1 and P2 pole strength values are automatically selected based on the component type and size above and below the non mag components in the string. These can be overridden by the user if necessary, by checking the override pole box at the bottom right of the dialog and alternative values can then be entered by the user.

The whole output can be saved to pdf by selecting File – Export to PDF.

The data table can be exported to Excel by selecting File - Export.

These results can be used to make an informed decision as to whether there is a requirement to run the SCC algorithm, add additional non-mag or do nothing. Company policy will dictate what error values are considered acceptable.

4.6.2 – BHA Analysis and SAG Correction

Figure 86: SAG Results

The results of the BHA Analysis and SAG calculation are displayed in this output. For details regarding how to select the parameters that the BHA Analysis and SAG calculation is run with see section 7.4 - Survey Corrections

• Deflected Shape: Shows the deflected shape of the BHA. The blue dot represents the sensor position. Note that the displayed plot always represents the final station.

• BHA Slope: Shows the slope of the BHA and relates to the correction. The blue dot represents the sensor position. The displayed plot always represents the final station.

• MD: Measured Depth of Station.

• Inc (Org): The uncorrected inclination.

• Inc (Corr): The SAG corrected inclination.

• Sag (Corr): The SAG correction to be applied to the uncorrected inclination. Inc (Org) + Sag (Corr) = Inc (Corr)

• Bit SF: Sideforce at the bit.

• BUR: Predicted Rotary Build Rate.

• WR: Predicted Rotary Walk Rate.

• BUR (Slide): Predicted Build Rate Sliding. If the motor has a 0° bend, this column will not display.

• WR: (Slide): Predicted Walk Rate Sliding. If the motor has a 0° bend, this column will not display.

• Crit RPM: The theoretical RPM that excites the natural frequency of the drill string. These RPM's should be avoided when rotating.

File: Gives the user the option to export the BHA Deflected Shape and BHA Slope charts by selecting Export to PDF and the option to export the results data in .txt, xls or xlsx format by selecting Export. The user can also exit the BHA Analysis and SAG Results dialog by selecting Exit.

RT Vib Data: Selecting Real Time Vibration Data will open the Enter Real Time Vibration Data dialog. The user can input real time vibration data into this dialog, which will be plotted against RPM and Vibration on the Critical RPM Chart.

Figure 87: Enter Real Time Vibration Data Dialog

View Critical RPM Chart: Selecting this will open the Critical RPM Chart. This chart displays all the user input real time vibration data against RPM. Additionally, the chart displays the critical RPM values (vertical red lines) calculated for the last point in the BHA Analysis and SAG Results. This allows the user to compare real world vibration data vs modelled predictions.

Figure 88: Critical RPM Chart

4.6.3 – BHA Sensitivity Analysis

Figure 89: BHA Sensitivity Analysis Dialogue

Selecting BHA Sensitivity Analysis from the Calculate Menu opens the BHA Sensitivity Analysis Dialogue. The BHA from the main drill string section is used.

Select Parameters is the input section for the calculation. An unlimited number of lines can be added to this section allowing the user to analyse a range of different scenarios.

Parameter: The user can then select one of 6 parameters to run the analysis on.

• Inclination: Select a range of inclinations.

• Dogleg Severity: Select a range of doglegs. This effectively mimics the curvature of the hole.

• Motor Bend: Select a range of motor bend settings.

• Hole Size: Select a range of hole sizes. This allows the user to model the effect of varying degrees of hole washout on the assembly trend. Note that the hole size must be the same size as the bit or larger. Any value entered which is smaller than the bit and the calculation will not run.

• Top Stabiliser Size: Select a range of top stabiliser sizes. This option looks at the BHA for the stabiliser which is furthest from the bit and effectively overrides the Stab OD value in the component details section.

• WOB: Select a range of WOB values.

Start Value: First value in the range

Stop Value: Final value in the range

Step Value: Step size to be used in the calculation between the start and stop values

Toolface: The Toolface used in the analysis. This affects the BUR & WR Sliding

Inclination: The Inclination used for the analysis. This will be greyed out when inclination is selected in the parameters column

DLS: The dogleg used for the analysis. This will be greyed out when DLS is selected in the parameters column

Motor Bend: The Motor Bend used for the analysis. This will be greyed out when motor bend is selected in the parameters column

Hole Size: The Hole Size used for the analysis. This will be greyed out when hole size is selected in the parameters column

Top Stab Size: The Top Stab Size used for the analysis. This will be greyed out when top stab size is selected in the parameters column

WOB: The WOB used for the analysis. This will be greyed out when WOB is selected in the parameters column

Results: This is where all the results are displayed. If more than one line has been calculated the user can scroll through the results for each line from the dropdown menu. Results can be exported as excel or text files. The user can choose to export one single set of results, or checking the Export All Lines box will create a report which includes all results.

Parameter Column: This column will change depending on the parameter selected for the calculation, and will contain the start value and the stop value along with all of the relevant step values in between.

BUR ROT: The calculated rotary build rate.

BUR Slide: The calculated build rate when sliding. With a toolface of zero, this value will represent the theoretical maximum motor yield for the selected bend.

Toolface: The toolface used in the calculation

WR Rot: The calculated rotary walk rate. This is directly affected by the Bit Formation Index, which is input in the Bit component details section on the drill string tab.

WR Slide: The calculated walk rate when sliding. This is directly affected by the selected toolface.

Show Charts: This radio button will plot the values displayed in the selected table.

Calculate Menu: Runs the calculations.

4.7 – Plots Menu

Figure 90: Plots Menu

Allows the user to plot either the section, plan or 3D view for the surveys entered. All surveys can be viewed from the one plot and turned on or off as the user desires. See Section 11.0 – Chart Results for more information on customizing plots.

4.8 – Survey Correction Results Menu

Figure 91: Survey Correction Results Menu

This menu allows the user to view the results from either the well path Magnetic interference calculation or the survey SAG Correction, by selecting the appropriate option.

It is important to note here that in order to view the results, the calculations must have first been run via either the Calculate menu or the shortcuts on the toolbar. If the user selects either of these options and the calculations have not been run, they will get the following error message.

Figure 92: Error Dialog

4.9 – Hydraulics Results Menu

Figure 93: Hydraulics Results Menu

Allows the user to select and view the results from the hydraulics module in either tabular or graphical form. It is important to note here that in order to view the results, the hydraulics calculation must have first been run via either the Calculate menu or the shortcut on the toolbar. If the user selects any of these options and the calculations have not been run, they will get an error message.

4.9.1 – Hydraulics Charts

There are 3 standard hydraulics charts available. These are all drilling charts, which display the values expected at surface when the assembly is at any given depth.

4.9.1.1 - Pump Pressure Chart

Figure 94: Pump Pressure Chart

This chart displays the standpipe pressure (SPP) expected at surface when the BHA is at any given depth. There will be a line displayed for each of the flowrates entered in the hydraulics section of the Engineering Tab. If pump liner data has been added to the pump data dialog in the tools menu, then this can also be represented on the chart via the add series dialog.

4.9.1.2 - ECD Chart

Figure 95: ECD Chart

This chart displays the following lines for each of the flowrates entered in the hydraulics section of the Engineering Tab:

• Clean ECD: The ECD at the end of the string, for any given depth, based on a cutting’s free annulus.

• Dirty ECD: The ECD at the end of the string, for any given depth, based on a cutting’s loaded annulus. The volume of cuttings in the annulus is calculated based on the ROP entered in the hydraulics section of the Engineering Tab. If the ROP is entered as zero then the clean and dirty ECD lines will lie on top of each other.

• ECD Snapshot: The ECD snapshot line shows the expected ECD at each point in the annulus when the string is at a given depth. This depth relates to the deepest depth represented on the chart. This line is generated based on a cuttings free annulus, which means that the last point for both the Clean ECD line and the ECD Snapshot line will be the same.

A line representing the Mud Weight is also displayed on the chart.

4.9.1.3 - Surge and Swab Chart

Figure 96: Surge and Swab Chart

This chart displays the surge and swab lines for each of the tripping speeds entered in the hydraulics section of the Engineering Tab.

The Y axis corresponds to the bit depth (bottom of the assembly being run) regardless of what has been selected as the reference point. The results, however, display the calculated values at the reference point based on the bit position. So if for example you have the reference point selected as the bottom of the hole, when you look at the chart, it will be displaying the surge and swab pressures at the bottom of the hole, when the bit is at any given depth.

The reference point is selected in the hydraulics section of the Engineering Tab and is displayed at the top of the chart.

4.9.2 – Hole Cleaning Charts

There are 4 plots within the hydraulics module dedicated to hole cleaning.

4.9.2.1 - Annular Velocity Profile Chart

Figure 97: Annular Velocity Profile Chart

Flow rate is the dominant factor in cuttings removal while drilling directional wells. An increase in flow rate will result in more efficient cuttings removal under all conditions. However, how high a flow rate can be increased may be limited by:

• The maximum allowed ECD

• The susceptibility of the open hole section to hydraulic erosion

• The availability of rig hydraulic power

This is a snapshot chart and shows the Annular Velocity at all different points in the wellbore when the assembly is at a given depth for various different flow rates.

4.9.2.2 - Carrying Capacity Index (CCI) Chart

Figure 98: CCI Chart

CCI (Cutting Carrying Index) is a measure of how clean a vertical (0-35° inc) well is.

• 0.5 or less and hole cleaning is poor & problems may be seen

• Greater than or equal to 1.0 indicates good hole cleaning

Annular Velocity and Mud weight (along with PV & YP values) are used in this calculation. The higher the annular velocity, the higher the CCI.

For sections of the wellbore where the inclination is greater than 35°, hole cleaning should be evaluated using the Cuttings % Chart.

This is a snapshot chart and shows the CCI at all different points in the wellbore when the assembly is at a given depth for various flow rates.

4.9.2.3 - Cuttings % Chart

Figure 99: Cuttings % Chart

The Cuttings % plot represents the percentage of the annulus which is taken up with cuttings. Anything above 5% should be considered a problem.

Unlike the CCI plot, this measure of hole cleaning is not limited by inclination and can be used for any well profile. This calculation is also affected by ROP and RPM. Increased ROP, increases the cuttings %.

This is a snapshot chart and shows the Cuttings % at all different points in the wellbore when the assembly is at a given depth for a given ROP at various flow rates.

4.9.2.4 - Minimum Flowrate Chart

Figure 100: Minimum Flowrate Chart

The minimum flow rate plot is a snapshot chart which shows the minimum flow required to keep the hole clean at all points in the wellbore for a range of ROPs at a certain depth.

The ROP value selected in the hydraulics setup (e.g. 10m/hr) will be used as the lowest ROP and 4 additional ROP values will be displayed which are automatically generated by the program and are pre-set percentages of the original (125%, 150%, 200% & 250%). These percentages are built into the program and are not adjustable by the user.

To interpret the plot, the user needs to find the largest flow rate for any one ROP and that will be the minimum flow that is required at that depth to keep the hole clean. This can be done by using the Screen Reader or the data table.

4.9.3 – Pump Pressure Data

This option opens a data table, which contains all the data used to plot the Pump Pressure Chart.

4.9.4 – ECD Data

This option opens a data table, which contains all the data used to plot the ECD Chart.

4.9.5 – Surge and Swab Data

This option opens a data table, which contains all the data used to plot the Surge and Swab Chart.

4.9.6 – Minimum Flowrate Data

This option opens a data table, which contains all the data used to plot the Minimum Flowrate Chart.

4.9.7 – Survey Data

This option opens the survey data table, which displays either the Actual Surveys or the Well Plan surveys. The survey displayed is based on the selection made in the Engineering Parameters Tab.

• This option will be greyed out and unavailable to select unless the user is in the surveys tab and has either the Actual Surveys or Well plan Surveys selected.

• If any tortuosity has been added to the survey or plan, this will be included in the survey data table.

4.9.8 – Hydraulics Summary

This option prints off a PDF format Hydraulics Summary. The Hydraulics Summary is a report with the following sections automatically chosen by Engineering:

• Project Details

• Drilling Parameters

• Hydraulics Model Settings

• Surface System Parameters

• Cuttings Details

• Fluid Details and Mud Rheology

• Wellbore Geometry

• Pressure loss details at the flow rate selected in the Hydraulics Results window.

• Hydraulics Summary for all flow rates

• Drill String Summary

• Hydraulics Snapshot at the flow rate selected in the Hydraulics Results window.

• Pump Pressure Chart

• ECD Chart

Figure 101: Hydraulics Summary

4.10 – Torque and Drag Results Menu

Figure 102: Torque and Drag Results

Allows the user to select and view the results from the torque and drag module in either tabular or graphical form. It is important to note here that in order to view the results, the torque and drag calculation must have first been run via either the Calculate menu or the shortcut on the toolbar. If the user selects any of these options and the calculations have not been run, they will get an error message.

4.10.1 – Drilling Charts

Drilling charts display the values expected at surface when the assembly is at any given depth.

4.10.1.1 – Hookload Chart

Figure 103: Hookload Chart

This chart displays the calculated hookload values for tripping in, Rotating off Bottom and tripping out. It also includes the Reaming In and Out hookloads.

For each operation, there will be a line represented for each set of friction factors entered in the Engineering Parameters tab, with the exception of the Rotating off Bottom line, of which there will only ever be one.

The minimum weight to helically buckle (trip In) will also be displayed on this chart. Any tripping in line which crosses this limit will start to experience buckling in the string. At this point it may be difficult to effectively transfer weight down hole and the string may need to be rotated in order to get to bottom. From the chart, you can tell the string depth and hookload when the buckling will occur, but you will not be able to determine where in the string the buckling is occurring.

4.10.1.2 – Torque Chart

Figure 104: Torque Chart

This chart displays the On and Off Bottom torques. For each operation, there will be a line represented for each set of friction factors entered in the Engineering Parameters tab.

4.10.1.3 – Reaming Hookload Chart

Figure 105: Reaming Hookload Chart

This chart is the same as the hookload chart, with the exception that it only displays the Reaming In and Reaming Out hookloads.

4.10.1.4 – Reaming Torque Chart

Figure 106: Reaming Torque Chart

This chart is the same as the Torque chart, with the exception that it is the reaming torques which are plotted. These torques are calculated based on the RPM and Pipe Speed values entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

4.10.1.5 – Pipe Stretch Chart

Figure 107: Pipe Stretch Chart

This chart displays the amount of pipe elongation the user would see when picking up, for each of the friction factors entered in the Engineering Parameters tab.

4.10.1.6 – Pipe Twist Chart

Figure 108: Pipe Twist Chart

This chart displays the number of completed revolutions that the rotary table must be turned in order to turn the bit. A line will be represented for each of the friction factors entered in the Engineering Parameters tab.

4.10.1.7 – Apparent WOB Chart

Figure 109: Apparent Weight On Bit Chart

This chart displays the apparent weight on bit (WOB) required at any given depth to achieve a user defined Actual WOB. The actual WOB value used is the WOB value entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

To read the chart the user should select the measured depth of interest and note the apparent WOB for each of the friction factors at that depth. These are the WOB values the user will need to register at surface in order to achieve the desired actual WOB down hole at the bit. Note that if no WOB value is entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab, then this will model as a vertical line.

4.10.1.8 – Apparent OP Chart

Figure 110: Apparent Overpull Chart

This chart displays the apparent Overpull (OP) required at any given depth to achieve a user defined Actual OP. The actual OP value used is the OP value entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

To read the chart the user should select the measured depth of interest and note the apparent OP for each of the friction factors at that depth. These are the OP values the user will need to register at surface in order to achieve the desired actual OP down hole at the bit. Note that if no overpull value is entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab, then this will model as a vertical line.

4.10.1.9 – Expandable Liners Chart

Figure 111: Expandable Liners Chart

This chart displays the hookload expected at surface during expandable liner operations. The Pull to Yield HL value is the hookload at surface required to pass the axial yield of the weakest component in the string at that depth. The Max Pull @ Bottom value is the force on the tool whilst pulling the max allowable hookload at that depth.

The Liner SO and Liner PU show the hookload expected at surface when running in or picking up with both the liner and the inner string. The Inner String SO and Inner String PU show the hookload expected at surface when running in or picking up with just the inner string.

The Nominal Expansion HL is the expected hookload seen at surface to expand the liner using overpull. The Nominal Expansion Force is the force needed at the tool to expand the liner. This is an input an is set using the Overpull in the Engineering Parameters.

4.10.2 – Snapshot Charts

Snapshot charts display the values at each point in the string when the assembly is at a specific depth. Unlike drilling charts which can be used over the entire depth range of the well, snapshot charts are only relevant to one specific depth.

4.10.2.1 – Off Bottom Tension Chart

Figure 112: Off Bottom Tension Chart

This chart displays the effective tension at all points in the string when the string is at a specific depth. This depth is displayed at the top of the chart and is the calc depth entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

The chart displays the following lines:

• Rotating off Bottom

• Sinusoidal Buckling – Any load line which crosses this buckling line will be representative of Sinusoidal buckling. The depth at which the line crosses will also represent the component in the string which is experiencing the buckling.

• Helical Buckling – Any load line which crosses this buckling line will be representative of Helical buckling. The depth at which the line crosses will also represent the component in the string which is experiencing the buckling.

• PU – A Pickup line will be represented for each of the entered friction factors.

• SO – A Slack Off line will be represented for each of the entered friction factors.

• Tensile Limit – The tensile limit will be displayed based on the tensile limits entered in the component details section for each individual component.

• String Tension with Overpull – This line is generated based on the overpull entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

4.10.2.2 – On Bottom Tension Chart

Figure 113: On Bottom Tensions Chart

This chart displays the effective tension at all points in the string when the string is at a specific depth with a specific WOB. The depth and WOB are displayed at the top of the chart with these values having been entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

The chart displays the following lines:

• Rotating off Bottom

• Sinusoidal Buckling – Any load line which crosses this buckling line will be representative of Sinusoidal buckling. The depth at which the line crosses will also represent the component in the string which is experiencing the buckling.

• Helical Buckling – Any load line which crosses this buckling line will be representative of Helical buckling. The depth at which the line crosses will also represent the component in the string which is experiencing the buckling.

• PU – A Pickup line will be represented for each of the entered friction factors.

• Sliding – A Sliding line will be represented for each of the entered friction factors.

• Tensile Limit – The tensile limit will be displayed based on the tensile limits entered in the component details section for each individual component.

4.10.2.3 – Torque Chart

Figure 114: Torque Snapshot Chart

This chart displays the torque at all points in the string when the string is at a specific depth. This depth is displayed at the top of the chart and is the calc depth entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab. For each operation, there will be a line represented for each set of friction factors entered.

4.10.2.4 – Side Force Chart

Figure 115: Side Force Chart

This chart displays the side force at all points in the string when the string is at a specific depth. This depth is displayed at the top of the chart and is the calc depth entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

The chart displays the rotating side force along with the pickup and slack off side forces for each set of friction factors entered.

4.10.2.5 – Apparent WOB Chart

Figure 116: Apparent WOB Chart

This chart plots the actual WOB against the apparent WOB when the string is at a specific depth. This depth is displayed at the top of the chart and is the calc depth entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

To use this chart, the user should select the actual WOB they require downhole, and the corresponding apparent WOB is the weight that will be required at surface to achieve this.

4.10.2.6 – Apparent OP Chart

Figure 117: Apparent OP Chart

This chart plots the actual overpull against the apparent overpull when the string is at a specific depth. This depth is displayed at the top of the chart and is the calc depth entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

To use this chart, the user should select the actual overpull they require downhole, and the corresponding apparent overpull is the overpull that will be required at surface to achieve this.

4.10.2.7 – Casing Wear Chart

Figure 118: Casing Wear Chart

This chart shows the predicted cumulative wear at each point in the casing when the assembly is at a specific depth. This depth is displayed at the top of the chart and is the calc depth entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

The casing wear is expressed as depth in ether inches or mm depending on what units are selected for Diameter. The depth of wear indicates depth of the groove which will be worn in to the side of the casing over a period of time.

• Casing Wear Rotating: This is the predicted wear on the casing when the string has 0 ROP. This calculation uses the rotating side force.

• Casing Wear SO: This is the predicted casing wear calculated using the reaming slack off. This calculation uses the slack off side force.

4.10.2.8 – Drill Pipe Fatigue Chart

Figure 119: Drill Pipe Fatigue Chart

Drill string fatigue will only occur while rotating and only while rotating over a dogleg. The more tension within the pipe the more likely it is to get fatigued. There is a critical value of dogleg where fatigue failure becomes an issue.

The Drill Pipe Fatigue Chart, is a snapshot chart which displays the actual dogleg and the critical dogleg at every point in the string for a given depth. If the actual dogleg is greater than the critical dogleg then fatigue failure is a potential issue.

The critical dogleg curve is generated based on the free rotating weight of the drilling assembly. One point to note is that back reaming will increase the tension and therefore reduce the critical rotating dogleg; however, this has not been included in the chart because back reaming operations do not generally last too long.

4.10.2.9 – Pressure Data Chart

Figure 120: Pressure Data Chart

This chart shows the Internal and External pressure at each point in the string for a given flowrate, when the assembly is at a specific depth. This depth is displayed at the top of the chart and is the calc depth entered in the torque and drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab.

In the flow rate section, if manual flow increment is selected, the first flow rate entered will be used for generating the outputs for this chart. If the automatic range is selected, the flow rate entered in line 3 will be used.

4.10.2.10 – Casing Standoff Chart

Figure 121: Casing Standoff Chart

The casing standoff chart is a snapshot chart which provides outputs for each point in the string from surface to the calculated depth.

Without Optimised Standoff

If Optimise Standoff has NOT been selected when the torque and drag calculation is run, the standoff chart will include the following:

• Inc: Inclination

• Cent OD: Centralizer Outside Diameter

• Deflection Mid Joint: Deflection of the casing between 2 centralizers.

• Deflection Centralizer: Deflection of casing at the centralizer.

• Standoff Mid Joint: This is calculated as follows

  • (1 – (Deflection Mid Joint / ((Hole ID – Casing OD)/2))) * 100. It is effectively the percentage deflection from well bore centre. If the casing is centralised perfectly the standoff is 100%

• Standoff Centralizer: The Percentage Standoff at the Centralizer. This is calculated as follows

  • (1 – (Deflection Centralizer / ((Hole ID – Casing OD)/2))) * 100

• Cent Spacing: The centralizer spacing as entered by the user in the component details section of the drill string editor (This line will NOT be present if Optimise Standoff is selected in the Torque and Drag section of the Engineering Parameters tab on the main user interface).

• Restoring Force: The restoring force of the bow spring centralizer which has been entered in the component details section of the drill string tab.

• Running Force: The running force of the bow spring centralizer which has been entered in the component details section of the drill string tab.

• Side Force: The side force exerted on the casing.

With Optimised Standoff

If Optimise Standoff has been selected, when the torque and drag calculation is run, the standoff chart will have the addition of an Optimum Spacing line, and the Centralizer Spacing line becomes the Recommended Spacing line.

• Rec Spacing: Recommended Spacing, calculated based on the Optimise standoff value (This line will NOT be present if Optimise Standoff is not selected)

• Opt Spacing: This is the optimum spacing which applies the maximum step value to the Recommended Spacing (This line will NOT be present if Optimise Standoff is not selected).

All the other lines described in the above (Without Optimised Standoff) section, are also available to be displayed in this chart if required.

4.10.3 – Drilling Data

This section has the same options available as there are in the above Drilling Charts option, only instead of opening the charts, this option will open the data table, which contains all the data used to plot the charts.

4.10.4 – Snapshot Data

This section has the same options available as there are in the above Snapshot Charts option, only instead of opening the charts, this option will open the data table, which contains all of the data used to plot the charts.

4.10.5 – Survey Data

This option opens the survey data table, which displays either the Actual Surveys or the Well Plan surveys. The survey displayed is based on the selection made in the Engineering Parameters Tab.

• This option will be greyed out and unavailable to select unless the user is in the surveys tab and has either the Actual Surveys or Well plan Surveys selected.

• If any tortuosity has been added to the survey or plan, this will be included in the survey data table.

4.10.6 – Stress Data

This table displays the stress data at all points in the drill string, when the string is at a specific depth, and covers the following operations:

• Rotating Off Bottom

• Rotating On Bottom

• Sliding

• Picking Up

• Slacking Off

• Reaming Pickup

• Reaming Slackoff

Figure 122: Stress Data Dialog

The following stresses are included in the output:

• Hoop Stress due to internal and external pressure

• Radial Stress due to internal and external pressure

• Torsional Stress from twist

• Shear Stress from contact

• Axial Stress due to hydrostatic and mechanical loading

• Buckling Stress due to buckling

• Bending Stress approximated from wellbore curvature

• Von Mises Stress – Tri-axial combination of the component stresses

Once the user has selected the relevant operation from the dropdown menu, they can select the View Chart option, which opens a stress data chart with all of the data from the table plotted.

Figure 123: Stress Data Chart

4.10.7 – TAD Summary

This option prints off a PDF format Torque and Drag Summary. The Torque and Drag Summary is a report with the following sections automatically chosen by Engineering:

• Project Details

• Torque and Drag Model settings

• Tortuosity settings

• Wellbore Geometry

• Drilling Parameters

• Tripping Parameters

• Surface Parameters

• Fluid Details

• Torque and Drag results summary for different operations.

• Drill String Summary

• Drillers Hookload Chart

• Drillers Torque Chart

Figure 124: Torque and Drag Summary

4.10.8 – Standoff summary

This option prints off a PDF format Standoff Summary report, which includes:

• Project Details

• Wellbore Geometry

• Fluid Details

• Stand Off Optimization settings

• Centralizer Spacing Summary

• Drill string Summary

• Centralizer Stand-Off results

• Standoff chart

• Side forces / centralizer forces chart

• Hookload chart

Figure 125: Standoff Summary

4.11 – Help Menu

Figure 126: Help Menu

Access the interactive help file, software version information and the current license information. See appendix for detailed information about program licensing. The user can also access screen resolution information from here.

Help: Opens the Innova Engineering help file.

About: Displays program version information.

Open documentation folder: Opens the Manuals folder in the Innova Engineering directory. The Manuals folder contains this manual as well as several example guides on the following subjects:

• BHA Analysis

• Hydraulics

• Magnetic Interference

• Riserless Hydraulics

• Short Collar Correction

• Survey Importing

• Torque and Drag

Open project folder: Opens the folder containing the currently opened Engineering project.

Check for update: Opens the Innova website where update versions of the software can be downloaded (https://www.innova-drilling.com/download-trial-software/)

Tutorial videos: Opens the Innova Drilling & Intervention YouTube channel, which contains many useful tutorial videos for both Well Seeker Pro and Innova Engineering.

License Info: Opens the License Details dialog. See Appendix A – Software Licensing.

Screen Info: Displays information regarding the screen being used to view Innova Engineering.